| GPR43 (FFAR2) |
Acetate, propionate, butyrate |
Digestive tract epithelial cells, immune system cells, adipocytes in adipose tissue, enteroendocrine cells, pancreatic β-cells |
Production of chemokines, cytokines and epithelial cell protection, anti-inflammatory and antitumorigenic, regulation of the size and function of the colonic Treg pool, TNF-α secretion, modulation of immune cell recruitment during inflammatory responses, reduction of lipolysis, reduction of fat accumulation, suppression of the insulin signal, secretion of PYY and GLP-1, enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion |
| GPR41 (FFAR3) |
Acetate, propionate, butyrate |
Large intestine lamina propria cells, spleen cells, lymph nodes, bone marrow, adipocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, peripheral nervous system cells, distal tubules and kidney collecting ducts, pancreatic β-cells, enteroendocrine cells, myeloid dendric cells, thymus |
Activation of sympathetic nervous system, PYY and GLP-1 secretion, leptin production, Th2 cell responses, promotion of thymic Treg differentiation, inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, intestinal gluconeogenesis |
| GPR109a (HCA2) |
Butyrate, β-hydroxybutyric acids, niacin, ketone bodies |
Large intestinal epithelium, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, adipocytes |
High-density lipoprotein metabolism, cAMP reduction in adipocytes, DC trafficking, anti-inflammatory, and antitumorigenic |
| Olfr-87 (OR51E2) |
Acetate, propionate |
Neurons, enteroendocrine cells, the epithelium of the large intestine, renal arteries, smooth muscles of blood vessels |
Blood pressure modulation |
| PPAR-γ |
Propionate, butyrate |
Large intestine adenocarcinoma cells |
Glucose transport regulation |
