Table 3.

RCT results on butyrate administration

Condition	n	Dose	Administration	Time	Results	Ref
Inflammatory bowel disease	49	1.8 g/day	Oral	2 months	Increased the growth of bacteria able to produce SCFAs with potentially anti-inflammatory action	[25]
Pediatric obesity	54	20 mg/kg body weight	Oral	6 months	Greater changes in BMI, waist circumference, insulin level, ghrelin level, HOMA-IR, micro-RNA221 relative expression, and IL-6 level	[26]
Behçet’s Syndrome	17	2.4 g/day	Oral	3 months	Reduced leukocyte ROS production and lipid peroxidation in plasma, increased total antioxidant capacity in plasma, improvement in fibrin susceptibility to plasmin-induced lysis	[27]
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease	72	300 mg/day	Oral	12 weeks	No difference in remission rate or median disease activity	[28]
Type 1 diabetes	30	4 g/day	Oral	1 month	No changes in innate or adaptive immunity in T1DM	[29]
Type 2 diabetes	39	100 mg/day	Oral	6 weeks	No changes in biochemical parameters	[30]
Irritable bowel syndrome	66	300 mg/day	Oral	12 weeks	Decreased frequency of spontaneous abdominal pain, postprandial abdominal pain, abdominal pain during defecation, stool consistency and constipation	[31]
Ulcerative colitis	16	6 mmol/day	Rectal	20 days	No changes in measured parameters of the colonic mucus layer: MUC2 and TFF3	[32]
Ulcerative colitis	11	100 mmol/day	Rectal	8 weeks	Reduced number of translocated NF-kB-positive macrophages, reduced number of neutrophils in crypt and surface epithelia and of the lamina propria lymphocytes/plasma cells, decreased Disease Activity Index (DAI)	[33]
Shigellosis	80	160 mmol/day	Rectal	3 days	Early reduction of macrophages, pus cells, IL-8 and IL-1β in the stool, induced LL-37 expression in the rectal epithelia	[34]