Table 4.

Results of studies on the administration of SCFAs in obesity and obesity-related diseases

Administration	Model	Effect on obesity control	Ref.
Isobutyrate, isovalerate	Primary adipocytes	↓Lipolysis, ↓lipogenesis, ↑insulin-stimulated glucose uptake	[44]
Acetate, propionate, butyrate	NCI-h716 and HuTu-80 cells	↑PYY expression	[16]
Butyrate	cdx2-IEC cells	↑Gut barrier integrity	[45]
Butyrate	Caco-2 cells	↑Gut barrier integrity	[46]
Butyrate	Lamina propria cells and peripheral blood cells	↓Inflammation	[47]
Propionate, butyrate	Caco-2/TC-7 cells	↓Cholesterol biosynthesis	[48]
Butyrate	Caco-2 cells	↓Chylomicrons and ↓very low-density lipoprotein secretion	[49]
Acetate, butyrate	Rat colon	↑PYY and GLP-1 secretion	[50]
Butyrate	Mice and RAW 264.7 macrophages	↓Atherosclerosis	[51]
Propionate	Human colonic cells	↑PYY and GLP-1 secretion, ↑energy expenditure	[52]
Acetate, propionate, butyrate	C57BL/6 J mice	↓Body weight gain, ↓plasma free FAs, ↑GPR43 expression in adipose tissue, ↑adiponectin and resistin expression, ↑fat oxidation, ↑microbiota richness	[43]
Butyrate	C57BL/6 J mice	↓Inflammation	[53]
Butyrate	C57BL/6 J mice	↓Body weight gain, ↓inflammation, ↑gut barrier integrity	[54]
Butyrate	C57BL/6 J mice	↓Body weight gain, ↓adiposity	[55]
Butyrate	C57BL/6 J mice	↑Insulin sensitivity, ↑energy expenditure, ↑FA oxidation, ↑thermogenesis, ↓adiposity	[56]
Butyrate	C57BL/6 J mice	↑Thermogenesis	[57]
Acetate, butyrate, propionate	C57BL/6N mice	↑PYY and GLP-1 secretion	[58]
Butyrate	C57BL/6 J mice	↓Body weight gain, ↓fat deposition	[59]
Butyrate	APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice	↓Energy intake, ↑fat oxidation	[60]
Acetate, propionate, butyrate	C57B/6 mice and 129/SvEv mice	↑GLP-1 secretion	[61]
Butyrate	C57BL/6 J mice	↓Inflammation, ↓fat deposition	[62]
Acetate, propionate, butyrate	Wistar-ST rats	↓Plasma cholesterol	[63]
Acetate	Human	↑Fat oxidation, ↑PYY secretion, ↓inflammation, ↑postprandial insulin secretion	[64]
Butyrate	Human	↓Inflammation, ↑antioxidant responses	[65]
Acetate, propionate, butyrate	Human	↓Lipolysis, ↑fat oxidative capacity, ↑PYY secretion	[66]