TABLE 2.
Basic demographic and clinical characteristics of the migraine, MA, MO and control groups.
| Characteristics | Control N = 600 | Migraine N = 251 | MA N = 51 | MO N = 200 | P a | P b | P c | P d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Mean ± SD | 43.12 ± 13.58 | 42.49 ± 14.11 | 41.69 ± 13.99 | 42.69 ± 14.17 | 0.544 | 0.483 | 0.705 | 0.649 |
| Age grade (%) | 0.936 | 0.894 | 0.968 | 0.936 | ||||
| ≤35 | 254 (42.33) | 109 (43.43) | 24 (47.06) | 85 (42.50) | ||||
| 35∼ | 141 (23.50) | 56 (22.31) | 10 (19.611) | 46 (23.00) | ||||
| 50∼ | 127 (21.17) | 56 (22.31) | 11 (21.57) | 45 (22.50) | ||||
| 60∼ | 78 (13.00) | 30 (11.95) | 6 (11.77) | 24 (12.00) | ||||
| Sex (%) | 0.001 | 0.244 | 0.001 | 0.718 | ||||
| Male | 195 (32.50) | 52 (20.72) | 12 (23.53) | 40 (20.00) | ||||
| Female | 405 (67.50) | 199 (79.28) | 39 (76.47) | 160 (80.00) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2), Mean ± SD | 23.71 ± 3.46 | 23.06 ± 3.23 | 22.57 ± 2.81 | 23.19 ± 3.32 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.056 | 0.181 |
| Marital status (%) | 0.332 | 0.760 | 0.358 | 1.000 | ||||
| Unmarried | 243 (40.50) | 92 (36.65) | 19 (37.26) | 73 (36.50) | ||||
| Married | 357 (59.50) | 159 (63.35) | 32 (62.75) | 127 (63.50) | ||||
| Nationality (%) | 0.605 | 0.164 | 1.000 | 0.206 | ||||
| Han nationality | 554 (92.33) | 235 (93.63) | 50 (98.04) | 185 (92.50) | ||||
| Minority | 46 (7.67) | 16 (6.38) | 1 (1.96) | 15 (7.50) | ||||
| Educational level (%) | <0.001 | 0.056 | <0.001 | 0.369 | ||||
| Elementary and below | 23 (3.83) | 25 (9.96) | 6 (11.77) | 19 (9.50) | ||||
| Junior school | 60 (10.00) | 57 (22.71) | 7 (13.73) | 50 (25.00) | ||||
| Senior school | 109 (18.17) | 36 (14.34) | 9 (17.65) | 27 (13.50) | ||||
| College and above | 408 (68.00) | 133 (52.99) | 29 (56.86) | 104 (52.00) | ||||
| Smoking (%) | 0.312 | 0.367 | 0.502 | 0.664 | ||||
| Yes | 120 (20.00) | 42 (16.73) | 7 (13.73) | 35 (17.50) | ||||
| No | 480 (80.00) | 209 (83.27) | 44 (86.28) | 165 (82.50) | ||||
| Alcohol (%) | 0.015 | 0.230 | 0.031 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 145 (24.17) | 41 (16.34) | 8 (15.69) | 33 (16.50) | ||||
| No | 455 (75.83) | 210 (83.67) | 43 (84.31) | 167 (83.50) | ||||
| Exercise (%) | 0.001 | 0.161 | 0.002 | 0.949 | ||||
| Yes | 303 (50.50) | 95 (37.85) | 20 (39.22) | 75 (37.50) | ||||
| No | 297 (49.50) | 156 (62.15) | 31 (60.78) | 125 (62.50) | ||||
| History of hypertension (%) | 0.363 | 0.120 | 0.773 | 0.308 | ||||
| Yes | 51 (8.50) | 27 (10.76) | 8 (15.69) | 19 (9.50) | ||||
| No | 549 (91.50) | 224 (89.24) | 43 (84.31) | 181 (90.50) | ||||
| History of diabetes (%) | 0.107 | 0.511 | 0.190 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 34 (5.67) | 7 (2.79) | 1 (1.961) | 6 (3.00) | ||||
| No | 566 (94.33) | 244 (97.21) | 50 (98.04) | 194 (97.00) | ||||
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 0.094 | 0.182 | 0.205 | 0.657 | ||||
| Yes | 92 (15.33) | 51 (20.32) | 12 (23.53) | 39 (19.50) | ||||
| No | 508 (84.67) | 200 (79.68) | 39 (76.47) | 161 (80.50) | ||||
| Family history of migraine (%) | <0.001 | 0.048 | <0.001 | 0.903 | ||||
| Yes | 113 (18.83) | 83 (33.07) | 16 (31.37) | 67 (33.50) | ||||
| No | 487 (81.17) | 168 (66.93) | 35 (68.63) | 133 (66.50) | ||||
| SAS score, Mean ± SD | 36.83 ± 9.79 | 36.23 ± 11.50 | 38.77 ± 13.42 | 35.59 ± 10.90 | 0.475 | 0.317 | 0.155 | 0.122 |
| SAS grade (%) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.052 | 0.088 | ||||
| No anxiety | 537 (89.50) | 202 (80.48) | 36 (70.59) | 166 (83.00) | ||||
| Mild anxiety | 53 (8.83) | 41 (16.34) | 12 (23.53) | 29 (14.50) | ||||
| Moderate anxiety | 10 (1.67) | 8 (3.19) | 3 (5.88) | 5 (2.50) | ||||
| PHQ-9 score, Mean ± SD | 2.73 ± 3.87 | 3.97 ± 4.21 | 5.28 ± 4.66 | 3.64 ± 4.03 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.024 |
| PHQ-9 grade (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.100 | ||||
| No depression | 457 (76.17) | 139 (55.38) | 21 (41.18) | 118 (59.00) | ||||
| Mild depression | 87 (14.50) | 78 (31.08) | 20 (39.22) | 58 (29.00) | ||||
| Moderate depression | 42 (7.00) | 22 (8.77) | 6 (11.77) | 16 (8.00) | ||||
| Moderate to severe depression | 14 (2.33) | 12 (4.78) | 4 (7.84) | 8 (4.00) | ||||
| PSQI score, Mean ± SD | 3.82 ± 2.60 | 4.801 ± 2.84 | 5.77 ± 3.11 | 4.56 ± 2.72 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.013 |
| PSQI grade (%) | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.157 | ||||
| Good sleep quality | 397 (66.17) | 128 (51.00) | 21 (41.18) | 107 (53.50) | ||||
| Poor sleep quality | 203 (33.83) | 123 (49.00) | 30 (58.82) | 93 (46.50) |
Abbreviations: MA, migraine with aura; MO, migraine without aura; BMI, body mass index; SAS, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; PHQ-9, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PSQI, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. p a, comparison of Migraine with Controls; p b, comparison of MA with Controls; p c, comparison of MO with Controls; p d, comparison of MA with MO. p < 0.05 are considered statistically significant, and shown in bold.