Table 5.

Regression analysis of the effect of DBEL on engineering learning outcomes.

	Dependent variable: engineering learning outcomes
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Gender	−0.004	0.005	0.008	0.010	0.006
Grade	0.037	0.012	0.003	−0.025*	−0.022*
Types of universities	0.122***	0.062***	0.044***	0.033**	0.024*
Major	0.018	−0.026	−0.015	−0.010	−0.010
GPA	0.134***	−0.006	−0.010	−0.037*	−0.001
Design practice		0.831***	0.437***	0.390***	0.365***
Interactive reflection			0.498***	0.348***	0.103***
Knowledge integration				0.228***	0.198***
Circular iteration					0.313***
Adjusted R2	0.036	0.669	0.779	0.792	0.805
F-value	13.481	616.541	594.667	104.192	113.109
VIF value	1.070–1.197	1.070–1.199	1.070–2.372	1.071–2.482	1.071–3.072
VIF average value	1.109	1.105	1.465	1.720	1.960

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.