Table 1.
Potential biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases.
| Disease | Sample | Biomarker | Levels | Study Design | Potential application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart Failure (HF) | Plasma | miR-1254, miR-1306 | ↑ | 2203 patients with HF | Prognosis | (71) |
| Galectin-3 | ↑ | 1329 patients with HF | Prognosis | (72) | ||
| Saliva | Galectin-3 | ↑ | 64 patients with HF; 51 healthy controls | Diagnosis | (73) | |
| Plasma-EVs | miR-425, miR-744 | ↓ | 31 patients with HF; 31 healthy controls | Diagnosis | (74) | |
| Serum-EVs | mir-92B-5P | ↑ | 28 patients with HF; 30 healthy controls | Diagnosis | (75) | |
| Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) | Plasma | miR-208b, miR-133a | ↑ | 444 patients with ACS | Diagnosis | (76) |
| Serum-EVs | pIgR, cystatin C | ↑ | 471 ACS-suspected patients | Diagnosis | (77) | |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Urine | collagen α1 (I and III) |
↑ | 67 patients presenting with symptoms suspicious for CAD | Diagnosis | (78) |
| Plasma-EVs | miR-126, miR-199a | ↑ | 181 patients with stable CAD | Prognosis | (79) | |
| Vascular Disease | Plasma-EVs | Cystatin C, Serpin F2, CD14 | ↑ | 1060 patients with vascular disease and severe vascular risk factors | Prognosis | (80) |
| Myocardial Infarction (MI) | Plasma | miR-499-5p, miR-208b |
↑ | 424 patients with suspected ACS | Prognosis | (81) |
| Serum-EVs | miR-192, miR-194, miR-34a | ↑ | 21 patients with MI; 65 matched controls | Prognosis | (82) | |
| Atherosclerosis | Plasma | PIGR, IGHA2, APOA, HPT, HEP2 |
↑ | 222 patients with atherosclerosis; 222 matched controls | Prognosis | (83) |