Table 4.
Mixed effect linear regression analysis for the association between sleep timing variables (sleep duration and bedtime) and salivary and serum immunometabolic biomarkers.
| Biomarker | Independent Variable | Saliva | Serum | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | p-value | 95% CI | β | SE | p-value | 95% CI | ||||
| CRP | Average sleep duration | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.64 | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.81 | −0.12 | 0.15 |
| Sleep duration weekday | −0.004 | 0.02 | 0.88 | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.48 | −0.15 | 0.07 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.18 | −0.01 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.07 | −0.01 | 0.16 | |
| Average bedtime | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.59 | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.69 | −0.10 | 0.15 | |
| Weekday bedtime | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.72 | −0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.75 | −0.09 | 0.13 | |
| Weekend bedtime | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.43 | −0.07 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.65 | −0.09 | 0.15 | |
| IL-6 | Average sleep duration | −0.08 | 0.05 | 0.11 | −0.17 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02* | −0.09 | −0.01 |
| Sleep duration weekday | −0.10 | 0.04 | 0.02* | −0.17 | −0.02 | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04* | −0.07 | −0.002 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.26 | −0.03 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.21 | −0.04 | 0.01 | |
| Average bedtime | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.48 | −0.06 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01* | 0.01 | 0.09 | |
| Weekday bedtime | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.09 | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.04* | 0.002 | 0.07 | |
| Weekend bedtime | −0.11 | 0.04 | 0.02* | −0.19 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.003* | 0.02 | 0.09 | |
| IL-8 | Average sleep duration | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.91 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.23 | −0.01 | 0.04 |
| Sleep duration weekday | −0.004 | 0.01 | 0.76 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | −0.002 | 0.03 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.39 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.004 | 0.01 | 0.52 | −0.02 | 0.01 | |
| Average bedtime | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.68 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01* | −0.05 | −0.01 | |
| Weekday bedtime | −0.001 | 0.01 | 0.94 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01* | −0.04 | −0.01 | |
| Weekend bedtime | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.23 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.18 | −0.03 | 0.01 | |
| IL-10 | Average sleep duration | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.49 | −0.06 | 0.03 | −0.21 | 0.12 | 0.08 | −0.43 | 0.02 |
| Sleep duration weekday | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.31 | −0.06 | 0.02 | −0.10 | 0.09 | 0.27 | −0.26 | 0.07 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.004 | 0.01 | 0.75 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.27 | 0.12 | 0.02* | −0.50 | −0.04 | |
| Average bedtime | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.29 | −0.02 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.33 | −0.11 | 0.32 | |
| Weekday bedtime | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.30 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.35 | −0.10 | 0.29 | |
| Weekend bedtime | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.40 | −0.02 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.44 | −0.13 | 0.30 | |
| VEGF | Average sleep duration | −25.88 | 16.36 | 0.11 | −57.94 | 6.18 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.34 | −0.04 | 0.02 |
| Sleep duration weekday | −25.52 | 13.60 | 0.06 | −52.17 | 1.12 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.19 | −0.04 | 0.01 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.61 | 10.28 | 0.95 | −19.55 | 20.77 | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.73 | −0.02 | 0.02 | |
| Average bedtime | 15.18 | 15.26 | 0.32 | −14.74 | 45.09 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.28 | −0.01 | 0.04 | |
| Weekday bedtime | 18.79 | 13.24 | 0.16 | −7.16 | 44.74 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.28 | −0.01 | 0.04 | |
| Weekend bedtime | −8.34 | 14.65 | 0.57 | −37.06 | 20.38 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.54 | −0.02 | 0.03 | |
| MCP-1 | Average sleep duration | −0.001 | 0.02 | 0.93 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.48 | −0.03 | 0.01 |
| Sleep duration weekday | −0.004 | 0.01 | 0.78 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.31 | −0.02 | 0.01 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.003 | 0.01 | 0.74 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.73 | −0.01 | 0.01 | |
| Average bedtime | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.65 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.03 | |
| Weekday bedtime | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.59 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.19 | −0.01 | 0.03 | |
| Weekend bedtime | 0.0004 | 0.01 | 0.98 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.03 | |
| Adiponectin | Average sleep duration | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.27 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.001 | 0.01 | 0.93 | −0.03 | 0.02 |
| Sleep duration weekday | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.11 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.84 | −0.02 | 0.02 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.56 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.005 | 0.01 | 0.56 | −0.02 | 0.01 | |
| Average bedtime | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.62 | −0.02 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.28 | −0.04 | 0.01 | |
| Weekday bedtime | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.30 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.45 | −0.03 | 0.01 | |
| Weekend bedtime | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.23 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | −0.04 | 0.01 | |
| Leptin | Average sleep duration | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.39 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.48 | −0.06 | 0.03 |
| Sleep duration weekday | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.63 | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.12 | −0.06 | 0.01 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.30 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.20 | −0.01 | 0.04 | |
| Average bedtime | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.64 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.07 | |
| Weekday bedtime | −0.002 | 0.01 | 0.85 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.06 | |
| Weekend bedtime | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.30 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.18 | −0.01 | 0.06 | |
| Insulin | Average sleep duration | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.62 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.42 | −0.04 | 0.02 |
| Sleep duration weekday | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.35 | −0.03 | 0.01 | |
| Sleep duration weekend | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 | −0.001 | 0.04 | −0.00001 | 0.01 | 1.00 | −0.02 | 0.02 | |
| Average bedtime | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.30 | −0.01 | 0.04 | |
| Weekday bedtime | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | −0.003 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.27 | −0.01 | 0.03 | |
| Weekend bedtime | 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.93 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.64 | −0.02 | 0.03 | |
* = p-value < 0.05. β: beta coefficient. SE: Standard Error.
Adjusting for sex, age, medical history, nap, screen time and dietary habits.