Table 1.

Expression of IL-11 in various cells and its potential functions.

Tissue/Cell (human/mouse)	Expression of IL-11/IL-11RA	Model/Disease	Effect of IL-11	Refs.
EC
HUVECs	IL-11 ↑	CMV stimulation		(17)
HUVECs		CTL damage	Resist HUVECs damage	(25)
HUVEC, HPMEC		H2O2 damage	Decrease cell death	(26)
Human RA ST endothelial cells	IL-11 ↑	RA	Induce angiogenesis	(38)
Human retinal microvessels Endothelial cells	IL-11, IL-11RA ↑	PDR patients	Induce angiogenesis	(64)
Mouse endothelial cells		Human skin allograft model	Protect endothelial cells by survivin	(19)
VSMCs
Human aorta VSMCs	IL-11 ↑	TGF-β stimulation		(31)
Mouse aorta VSMCs	IL-11 ↑	Aortic coarctation model Ang II stimulation	Induce VSMCs phenotypic transformation	(32)
Human coronary arteries VSMCs	IL-11 ↓	Early coronary atherosclerosis patients		(18)
PASMCs	IL-11, IL-11RA ↑	IPF and PH patients	Induce PASMCs phenotypic transformation	(51)
Mouse aorta VSMCs	IL-11 ↑	Marfan syndrome model	IL-11 inhibition reduces aortic inflammation, fibrosis	(13)
Mouse carotid artery VSMCs		Carotid artery injury + high fat diet model	IL-11 inhibition reduces VSMCs phenotypic transformation and vascular fibrosis	(20)
Fibroblast
Human lung Fibroblasts	IL-11 ↑	IPF patients	Induce fibroblasts transform into myofibroblasts	(51)
Mouse thoracic aorta fibroblasts	IL-11 ↑	AngII hypertension model	IL-11 inhibition reduces vascular fibrosis	(21)
Serum
Human venous blood	IL-11 ↓	CAD patients		(42)
Human arterial blood	IL-11 ↑	CAD patients		(41)
Human serum	IL-11 ↑	Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage	Associate with hydrocephalus and mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage	(55)
Human serum	IL-11 ↑	HICH	Associate with disease severity and prognosis	(56)
Human serum	IL-11 ↑	AD patients		(60)
Mouse serum	IL-11 ↑	PE		(49)