FIGURE 2.

The Signaling Pathway of lipid peroxidation iron cycle. Fe³⁺ binds to transferrin outside the cell and then attaches to TFR1, entering the cell. Fe³⁺ is converted to Fe²⁺ by STEAP3. Fe²⁺ is transported to the cytoplasm via DMT1 to form a LIP which happens Fenton reaction, and excess iron is stored in ferritin. Ferritinophagy, mediated by NCOA4, can degrade ferritin, releasing ferritin-bound iron as free iron, and FPN exports intracellular iron out of cells when needed. Free iron generates ROS through the Fenton reaction, eventually leading to ferroptosis.