(A, C) Representative dendritic segments of Golgi-impregnated pyramidal neurons in the S1 (primary somatosensory cortex) (A) and CA1 regions (C) (apical dendrite, 2–4 mo of age, scale bar: 5 μm). (B, D) Quantitative analysis of spine density in cortices (B) and hippocampi (D) of offspring, from control+IgG, control+TNFα antibody, PE+IgG, and PE+TNFα antibody groups, respectively (n > 20 neurons from three sections of the S1 and CA1 regions per brain from six offspring of both sexes from above four groups). Data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. ***, P < 0.001, versus control. (B, D) One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD for panels (B, D).