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. 2023 Jun 9;14:3393. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39090-4

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — a Syrian hamsters (male, 5 months old) were vaccinated with 100 PFU Nsp1-K164A/H165A 60 days prior to challenge with 10⁴ PFU BA.5 (isolate hCoV-19/USA/COR-22-063113/2022) (n = 8) on day 0. b Changes in weight were followed in Nsp1-K164A/H165A vaccinated and unvaccinated (n = 8 each) challenged hamsters 0–7 DPC, with **p = 0.0030 and ****p < 0.0001. c from 1 to 5 DPC, infectious virus from nasal wash samples was quantified by focus-forming assays for vaccinated and unvaccinated hamsters (n = 4) with **p = 0.0066 and ****p < 0.0001. d–f Infectious virus titers of nasal turbinates (d), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF, e), and lung homogenates (f) at 4 (n = 4) and 7 (n = 4) DPC were determined by focus-forming assays. g Viral sgRNA levels in lung and nasal turbinate samples from 4 DPC (n = 4) were measured by qRT-PCR. Sum clinical scores (h) and percentage of consolidation (i) were also compared for lungs collected at 4 and 7 DPC. P-values are indicated in the graph where appropriate (p < 0.05). Heat-map presentation of individual pathologies in lungs collected at 4 DPC (j) and 7 DPC (k). Graphs for b and g indicate mean values from a single experiment with standard deviations shown as error bars. Dot plots represent samples collected from individual animals in a single experiment, horizontal bars indicate mean values with standard deviations shown as error bars. Statistical differences were calculated using ordinary two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in GraphPad Prism 9.4.0 with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests.