Table 3.
Univariable regression analysis for the risk of viral failure, failure of retention in HIV care and failure in correct infant follow-up.
| Factor | Viral failure |
Retention in HIV care |
Infant follow-up |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | HR (95% CI)a | p-value | n | OR (95% CI)b | p-value | n | OR (95% CI)b | p-value | |
| Year of delivery | |||||||||
| 2000–2005 | 85 | ref | – | 148 | ref | – | 127 | ref | – |
| 2006–2010 | 173 | 0.17 (0.06–0.54) | 0.002 | 220 | 1.91 (0.68–5.35) | 0.216 | 150 | 0.57 (0.35–0.94) | 0.026 |
| 2011–2015 | 220 | 0.35 (0.14–0.88) | 0.025 | 245 | 1.83 (0.61–5.47) | 0.279 | 186 | 0.48 (0.29–0.77) | 0.003 |
| 2016–2018 | 113 | 0.07 (0.01–0.52) | 0.010 | 124 | 2.34 (0.74–7.37) | 0.146 | 90 | 0.51 (0.29–0.89) | 0.019 |
| Age of mother | |||||||||
| ≤30 years | 183 | ref | – | 241 | ref | – | 188 | ref | – |
| 31–35 years | 185 | 0.94 (0.34–2.62) | 0.912 | 235 | 1.27 (0.54–2.99) | 0.582 | 177 | 0.73 (0.48–1.13) | 0.162 |
| 36–40 years | 173 | 0.47 (0.15–1.53) | 0.212 | 206 | 1.63 (0.68–3.93) | 0.276 | 155 | 1.09 (0.70–1.71) | 0.700 |
| >40 years | 50 | 1.83 (0.56–6.02) | 0.320 | 55 | 0.50 (0.08–3.10) | 0.451 | 33 | 0.59 (0.24–1.42) | 0.237 |
| Parity | |||||||||
| 1 | 350 | ref | – | 449 | ref | – | 330 | ref | – |
| 2 | 172 | 0.94 (0.39–2.29) | 0.894 | 210 | 1.92 (1.02–3.63) | 0.043 | 164 | 0.89 (0.60–1.31) | 0.552 |
| 3+ | 69 | 0.98 (0.29–3.38) | 0.976 | 78 | 1.85 (0.74–4.61) | 0.184 | 59 | 1.00 (0.56–1.80) | 0.991 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| white | 203 | ref | – | 256 | ref | – | 193 | ref | – |
| other | 388 | 1.18 (0.50–2.78) | 0.698 | 481 | 1.03 (0.52–2.03) | 0.942 | 360 | 1.17 (0.80–1.72) | 0.422 |
| Time since HIV diagnosis | |||||||||
| <5 years | 201 | ref | – | 270 | ref | – | 215 | ref | – |
| 5–10 years | 156 | 1.08 (0.37–3.12) | 0.887 | 193 | 3.03 (1.31–7.01) | 0.009 | 143 | 0.95 (0.60–1.48) | 0.806 |
| >10 years | 155 | 0.96 (0.32–2.91) | 0.941 | 178 | 3.27 (1.26–8.44) | 0.014 | 112 | 0.98 (0.60–1.61) | 0.937 |
| missing | 79 | 1.58 (0.49–5.07) | 0.443 | 96 | 1.62 (0.47–5.64) | 0.444 | 83 | 0.61 (0.34–1.12) | 0.114 |
| Year of HIV diagnosis | |||||||||
| ≤2000 | 156 | ref | – | 207 | ref | – | 140 | ref | – |
| 2001–2010 | 278 | 0.85 (0.33–2.19) | 0.733 | 346 | 1.13 (0.55–2.34) | 0.731 | 261 | 0.55 (0.36–0.84) | 0.006 |
| >2010 | 78 | 0.26 (0.03–2.05) | 0.201 | 88 | 0.19 (0.02–1.45) | 0.107 | 69 | 0.64 (0.35–1.19) | 0.157 |
| missing | 79 | 1.26 (0.42–3.79) | 0.685 | 96 | 0.70 (0.22–2.21) | 0.538 | 83 | 0.43 (0.23–0.80) | 0.007 |
| Alcohol consumption>once a week | |||||||||
| no | 243 | ref | – | 284 | ref | – | 208 | ref | – |
| yes | 48 | 0.78 (0.09–6.50) | 0.819 | 58 | 0.61 (0.13–2.76) | 0.520 | 35 | 0.98 (0.43–2.23) | 0.968 |
| missing | 300 | 2.21 (0.89–5.46) | 0.087 | 395 | 1.15 (0.60–2.20) | 0.684 | 310 | 1.81 (1.23–2.67) | 0.003 |
| Any illicit drug usec | |||||||||
| no | 245 | ref | – | 278 | ref | – | 195 | ref | – |
| yes | 11 | 13.2 (2.35–73.6) | 0.003 | 15 | 1.37 (0.17–11.28) | 0.767 | 12 | 2.23 (0.68–7.38) | 0.187 |
| missing | 335 | 2.96 (1.08-8.15) | 0.035d | 444 | 1.26 (0.65–2.46) | 0.487 | 346 | 1.89 (1.28–2.80) | 0.001 |
| Smoking | |||||||||
| no | 295 | ref | – | 363 | ref | – | 275 | ref | – |
| yes | 59 | 4.21 (1.62–11.0) | 0.003 | 86 | 3.49 (1.39–8.75) | 0.008 | 62 | 2.10 (1.20–3.67) | 0.009 |
| missing | 237 | 1.23 (0.46–3.29) | 0.686 | 288 | 2.01 (0.97–4.15) | 0.059 | 216 | 1.23 (0.84–1.81) | 0.294 |
| Any substance usee | |||||||||
| no | 209 | ref | – | 240 | ref | – | 176 | ref | – |
| yes | 82 | 1.76 (0.42–7.43) | 0.442 | 102 | 0.86 (0.28–2.60) | 0.782 | 67 | 1.61 (0.87–2.99) | 0.13 |
| missing | 300 | 2.73 (0.99–7.52) | 0.053 | 395 | 1.17 (0.59–2.32) | 0.646 | 310 | 2.09 (1.37–3.19) | <0.001 |
| Depression | |||||||||
| no | 203 | ref | – | 226 | ref | – | 163 | ref | – |
| yes | 18 | 2.68 (0.30–23.8) | 0.377 | 20 | 1.33 (0.18–9.53) | 0.778 | 15 | 3.52 (1.18–10.52) | 0.024 |
| missing | 370 | 2.33 (0.85–6.37) | 0.098 | 491 | 1.66 (0.79–3.49) | 0.179 | 375 | 2.30 (1.50–3.54) | <0.001d |
| Start of cART | |||||||||
| first | 514 | ref | – | 572 | ref | – | 421 | ref | – |
| second | 71 | 1.97 (0.72–5.44) | 0.189 | 133 | 1.07 (0.47–2.47) | 0.871 | 107 | 0.87 (0.56–1.36) | 0.544 |
| third | 5 | 8.18 (2.47–27.0) | 0.001 | 28 | 3.91 (1.50–10.22) | 0.005 | 22 | 0.92 (0.36–2.37) | 0.861 |
| missing | 1 | 4 | 3 | ||||||
| Gestational age at first pVL <50 copies/ml during pregnancy | |||||||||
| first | 409 | ref | – | 464 | ref | – | 347 | ref | – |
| second | 134 | 1.64 (0.72–3.77) | 0.240 | 167 | 1.12 (0.54–2.35) | 0.754 | 119 | 1.01 (0.65–1.55) | 0.972 |
| third | 48 | 3.92 (1.51–10.2) | 0.005 | 106 | 1.31 (0.56–3.08) | 0.533 | 87 | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) | 0.156 |
Bold font indicates statistically significant p values. Abbreviations: cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; pVL, plasma viral load.
a
Univariable Cox regression analysis.
b
Univariable logistic regression analysis.
c
Use of any illicit drugs defined as use of at least one of either heroin, cocaine, cannabis or other drugs.
d
Significance of the missing values probably reflects the influence of year of delivery as the most missing values occurred in previous years when the variable was not yet part of the study protocol.
e
Use of any substance defined as use of either alcohol, drugs and or smoking with available information for at least two of these substances.