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. 2023 May 15;15(5):2985–2998.

Table 3.

Publication bias analysis

Research factor Number of studies Begg rank correlation test Egger Linear Regression


ZB/PB tE/PE
Gender 11 0.00/1.000 0.13/0.900
Residence 10 0.72/0.474 0.07/0.948
School Type 10 0.18/0.858 0.33/0.749
Phone usage time 10 1.77/0.076 1.70/0.133
Self-perception in learning 10 1.25/0.210 2.06/0.056
Family relationship 10 0.72/0.474 1.96/0.064
Sleep quality 10 0.94/0.348 0.99/0.353