. 2023 Apr 21;130(6):729–746. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.03.008

Table 1.

Summary table of the main result for the structural MRI studies. adverse childhood experiences, adverse childhood experiences; BDI-II, Beck's Depression Inventory; CECA, Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse; CM, childhood maltreatment; CN, childhood neglect; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ-SF Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form; EA, emotional abuse; ELA, early life adversity; GMV, grey matter volume; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAMD, Hamilton depression scale; HAMD-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating; HC, healthy control; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; IDS-SR, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self report; LS, life stress; MADRS, Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; QIDS, Quick Inventory for Depression Symptomatology; SA, sexual abuse; SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale; ROD, recent onset of depression; SPD, somatoform pain disorder.

Authors	Structural MRI
Authors	Contrast of interest	Main results
*Studies examining the relationship of MDD or chronic pain with adverse childhood experiences and without adverse childhood experiences*
Chaney and colleagues⁵³	MDD+CM>MDD-CM	Compared with MDD without CM, MDD with CM: smaller hippocampal volume, larger dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex.
Colle and colleagues⁵⁵	MDD+ELA>MDD-ELA	MDD without ELA, compared with MDD with ELA: smaller hippocampal volumes found in males only.
Gerritsen and colleagues³⁵	MDD+CM>MDD-CM	CM: no change in hippocampal volume. MDD: was associated with smaller hippocampal volume. MDD was related to smaller hippocampal volume, in participants with CM.
Monninger and colleagues⁶⁷	LS	Reduce cortical thickness in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex and increased depressive symptoms were associated with chronic LS during infancy. Reduce cortical thickness in the left medial orbitofrontal cortex was associated with chronic LS during childhood and negatively correlated with the left caudal ACC and the left parahippocampal surface area. CT of the right transverse temporal lobe and the left entorhinal cortex volume was inversely related to LS during adolescence.
Oshri and colleagues⁶⁹	adverse childhood experiences	Participants with higher adverse childhood experiences scores had smaller right amygdala volumes and smaller central-medial nuclei. Moreover, participants with higher adverse childhood experiences scores with increased anxiety, depressive symptoms and alcohol use showed smaller basolateral amygdala volume.
Peng and colleagues⁷⁰	MDD-CN>MDD+CN	Compared with patients without CN, patients with CN showed increased WM densities in bilateral sublobar extra-nucleus and right brainstem midbrain
Salokangas and colleagues⁷²	ROD+adverse childhood experiences >ROD-adverse childhood experiences	ROD was not found to be associated with changes in the amygdala–hippocampus complex in adulthood. ROD patients with experiences of physical abuse in early life showed that are mediating the reduction of frontal lobe.
Van Harmelen and colleagues⁸⁰	CEM>NO CEM	Compared with non-CEM participants, CEM participants: reduction in bilateral dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, independent of comorbid psychopathology
Vythilingam and colleagues⁸¹	MDD+CA>MDD-CA	Compared with participants with MDD without CA and HC, participants with MDD with CA showed bilateral smaller hippocampal volumes.
Yang and colleagues⁸⁵	MDD+CM>MDD-CM	For MDD with CM compared with MDD without CM: smaller left inferior occipital gyrus and larger left cerebellum anterior lobe and left superior temporal gyrus. Interaction effect for the CM and MDD for the MDD with CM compared with MDD without CM showed increased left superior frontal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus and smaller right inferior frontal gyrus.
*Studies examining the different relationships of MDD, chronic pain, Healthy controls, and adverse childhood experiences*
Chaney and colleagues⁵³	MDD+CM>HC	Compared with HC, MDD with CM had smaller left orbitofrontal cortex and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.
Peng, and colleagues⁷⁰	HC>MDD+CN	Compared with HC, MDD patients with CN showed decreased WM densities in bilateral inferior parietal lobules.
Yang and colleagues⁸⁵	HC+CM>HC-CM	The main effect of CM had been observed for HC with CM compared with HC without CM, smaller left posterior cingulate cortex and larger right inferior frontal gyrus.