. 2023 Apr 21;130(6):729–746. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.03.008

Table 2.

Summary table of the main result for the functional MRI studies. adverse childhood experiences, adverse childhood experiences; BDI-II, Beck's Depression Inventory; CECA, Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse; CM, childhood maltreatment; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTQ-SF, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form; EA, emotional abuse; ELA, early life adversity; ELT, early life trauma; GMV, grey matter volume; HAD, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HAMD, Hamilton depression scale; HAMD-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; HC, healthy control; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; IDS-SR, Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self report; IP, internalizing psychopathology; MADRS, Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; MSPD, multisomatoform pain disorder; PA, physical abuse; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; QIDS, Quick Inventory for Depression Symptomatology; SA, sexual abuse; SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale; SPD, somatoform pain disorder. ∗Structural MRI provides detailed images of the brain's anatomy, whereas task-based functional MRI provides information about brain activity and function during a specific task.

Author	Task-based functional MRI∗
Author	Task	Group of participants	Contrast of interest	Main results
Grant and colleagues⁵⁹	Riksen flanker task of selective attention	MDD+ELA	Sad>neutral	In contrast to the sad > neutral faces, the right amygdala showed higher activation for the unipolar depressed patients with ELA. Increased activation of the amygdala was found, and a positive correlation with the PA. Other forms of abuse and neglect were also found to have a weaker relationship. The correlation was significant when the patient had experienced ELA, and it was not significant for depressed patients.
Grant and colleagues⁵⁹	Riksen flanker task of selective attention	MDD+ELA	positive>neutral	For positive > neutral faces, sexual abuse showed a correlation with amygdala response.
Hentze and colleagues⁶²	Affective ToM task	MDD	Emotional focus	The contrast of emotional focus revealed a negative correlation between amygdala and MADRS scores (depression).
Hentze and colleagues⁶²	Affective ToM task	CTQ	Perspective taking	Perspective taking revealed a positive correlation between amygdala activation and CTQ total scores.
Miller and colleagues⁶⁶	Continuous performance task (CPT); Go/No-go	MDD+CM> MDD-CM	CM vs no CM	During working memory updating on CPT, patients with and without CM differed in the activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
Noll-Hussong and colleagues⁸⁸	Empathy-for-pain paradigm	MSPD+abuse > MSPD–abuse	MSPD+abuse vs > MSPD–abuse	Abused patients in contrast to those with no experience of abuse showed an activation in the left lateral and medial superior frontal gyrus. No-abused patients in contrast with the abuse group showed an activation in the left hippocampus.
Peters and colleagues⁷¹	Face/shapes interaction	IP+ELA	Angry>Shapes	Cuneus showed increase activation in the angry > shapes contrast for IP+ELA.
Peters and colleagues⁷¹	Face/shapes interaction	IP+ELA	Fearful > Shapes	Increased activation in the anterior and posterior cingulate, superior parietal, precuneus, cuneus, superior frontal and inferior temporal was demonstrated in the contrast of fearful > shapes for IP+ELA.
Ringel and colleagues⁸⁹	Three sets of repeated 39 s rectal distension separated by a 39-s rest period	All abuse>All non-abuse	All abuse vs All non-abuse	Abused patients in contrast to non-abuse patients with IBS showed an activation in the left mid-cingulate cortex and left posterior cingulate cortex.
Ringel and colleagues⁸⁹		IBS+abuse > ALL	IBS with abuse vs all	IBS patients with abuse in contrast with all others showed an activation in the left mid-cingulate cortex, bilateral posterior cingulate cortex and a de-activation in bilateral supra genual cingulate cortex.
Skokauskas and colleagues⁷⁴	Emotional attention shifting task	MDD	Judgement of emotion minus judgement of geometry after emotional neutral stimuli	Decrease activation with the contrast judgement of emotion minus judgement of geometry after emotional neutral stimuli on patients with MDD on the fusiform gyrus
Skokauskas and colleagues⁷⁴	Emotional attention shifting task	MDD+SA	Judgement of emotion minus judgement of geometry after emotional negative stimuli	Increased activation with the contrast of judgement of emotion minus judgement of geometry after emotional negative stimuli on patients with MDD and experiences of SA on the left inferior parietal lobe.
Grant and colleagues⁶⁰	Gender identification variant of the Eriksen flanker task of selective attention	MDD>HC	MDD>HC	Based on medial prefrontal cortex–amygdala connectivity within the MDD group, association between exposure to ELT with failure of inhibition was observed. Association between negative causal pathways from medial prefrontal cortex to amygdala with non-ELT MDD patients, even though a reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex input compared with HC.
Tozzi and colleagues⁷⁷	Attentional cognitive emotional task	HC>MDD	HC>MDD	HC in contrast to MDD patients revealed an activation in the right middle frontal gyrus, right hippocampus, right precuneus and left lingual gyrus.
Tozzi and colleagues⁷⁸	Valence recognition of emotional images.	MDD>HC	MDD>HC	MDD patients compared with HC during valence recognition of emotional images showed de-activation in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus.