TABLE 5.
Race-specific hazard ratios for co-morbidities (separate models for each race) with interaction term between race and co-morbiditya
| Co-morbidity | Hazard ratio Whites (95% CI) | Hazard ratio Blacks (95% CI) | P-value for interaction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | 1.05 (1.04, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 1.14 (1.13, 1.15) | 1.69 (1.61, 1.78) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 1.58 (1.57, 1.59 | 1.70 (1.67, 1.74) | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.10 (1.09, 1.11) | 1.12 (1.10, 1.15) | <0.0001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) | 1.10 (1.08, 1.13) | <0.0001 |
| Depression | 2.41 (2.40, 2.43) | 2.22 (2.17, 2.27) | 0.43 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary did | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.03 |
Adjusted for region (n = 5), calendar year, county-level smoking prevalence, mean BMI, and number of hospitals, and at ZIP-code level the log of population density, the log of mean household income, and percent with education under high-school. Stratified by sex, age at entry to cohort, Medicaid eligibility, and the presence of co-morbidities at any time while enrolled in Medicare. Hazard ratio from race-specific models, reference group for each a race are those of that race with no co-morbidities. Interaction terms comes from full model with both races combine.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.