Fig. 2.

Obstacles and challenges encountered and advancements needed for approval of DNA vaccines. The approval of DNA vaccines faces several obstacles and challenges, including issues with stability, low immunogenicity, and the potential for integration into the host genome. Additionally, the delivery of DNA vaccines requires advanced technology to efficiently deliver the plasmid DNA into the target cells. Despite these challenges, significant advancements have been made in recent years, including the development of new delivery systems, adjuvants, and strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Further research is needed to address these challenges and advance the development and approval of DNA vaccines