Fig. 3.

Illustration demonstrating the mechanism of action of the DNA-based cancer vaccines in stimulating the adaptive and innate immunities against cancer cells. The vaccine encodes tumor-specific antigens, which are taken up by dendritic cells and presented to T cells. This results in the activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses against cancer cells. Innate immune cells, such as natural killer cells, release cytokines and chemokines that recruit additional immune cells to the site of the tumor. The activated T cells then migrate to the tumor site and release cytotoxic molecules that kill cancer cells. This mechanism leads to a systemic anti-tumor immune response, reducing the risk of cancer recurrence