Fig. 4.

Illustration demonstrating the combinational strategies of DNA-based cancer vaccines with conventional therapies, targeted therapies, immune therapies and cytokines in opposing the capabilities of tumor cells. The vaccine targets specific tumor antigens, while conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, eliminate bulk tumor cells. Targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors, interfere with specific molecules involved in tumor growth and progression. Immune checkpoint inhibitors release the brakes on the immune system, allowing for greater T cell activation against cancer cells. Finally, cytokines, such as interferons and interleukins, stimulate immune cells and increase their cytotoxicity against tumor cells. The combination of these strategies has the potential to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment and improve patient outcomes