Table 4.
Change in primary outcomes among rural and urban subjects from baseline to follow-up (n=121).
| A. Bio-chemical changes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Males (n=60) | Females (n=61) | ||||
| Biochemical | Rural (30) mean±SD | Urban (30) mean±SD | P-level | Rural (31) mean±SD | Urban (30) mean±SD | P-level |
|
FBG (mg/dl)
Baseline |
110.03±8.88 | 110±9.86 | N.S. | 106.84±8.77 | 107.03±8.77 | N.S. |
| Post-intervention | 98.93±7.6 | 97.9±6.82 | N.S. | 98.22±7.7 | 95.6±6.21 | N.S. |
| Follow-up | 98.8±6.81 | 97.36±8.06 | N.S. | 97.06±6.5 | 97.63±6.89 | N.S. |
| F-value | 20.38 | 21.98 | 14.8 | 20.53 | ||
| P-value** | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
|
Plasma Insulin (microU/L)
Baseline |
11.21±3.48 | 13.25±4.4 | N.S. | 9.93±1.34 | 13.14±3.71 | 0.001 |
| Post-intervention | 10.71±3.43 | 12.77±4.17 | 0.04 | 9.52±1.16 | 12.75±3.61 | 0.001 |
| Follow-up | 10.79±3.47 | 12.83±3.98 | 0.04 | 9.7±1.21 | 12.9±3.5 | 0.001 |
| F-value | 0.17 | 0.116 | 0.845 | 0.88 | ||
| P-value** | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | ||
|
HOMA-IR
Baseline |
3.07±1.16 | 3.65±1.44 | N.S. | 2.64±0.48 | 3.49±1.19 | 0.001 |
| Post-intervention | 2.65±1.06 | 3.1±1.1 | N.S. | 2.3±0.37 | 3.02±0.97 | 0.001 |
| Follow-up | 2.66±1.09 | 3.11±1.14 | N.S. | 2.32±0.37 | 3.11±0.91 | 0.001 |
| F-value | 1.41 | 1.9 | 6.52 | 1.752 | ||
| P-value** | N.S. | N.S. | 0.002 | N.S. | ||
|
TC (mg/dl)
Baseline |
228±36.34 | 249.82±34.71 | 0.02 | 227.32±32.25 | 238.5±38.21 | N.S. |
| Post-intervention | 210.1±35.31 | 232.12±29.11 | 0.01 | 211.29±32.22 | 220.7±38.54 | N.S. |
| Follow-up | 211.7±34.7 | 235.22±29.68 | 0.006 | 213.39±32.95 | 228.13±31.27 | N.S. |
| F-value | 2.34 | 2.73 | 2.32 | 1.83 | ||
| P-value** | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | ||
|
HDL-C (mg/dl)
Baseline |
40.2±3.18 | 39.86±2.56 | N.S. | 40.51±1.89 | 41.16±2.29 | N.S. |
| Post-intervention | 40.3±3.04 | 40.3±2.15 | N.S. | 40.74±2.29 | 41.6±2.23 | N.S. |
| Follow-up | 40.3±3.24 | 40.06±2.18 | N.S. | 40.26±2.25 | 41.03±2.37 | N.S. |
| F-value | 0.014 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.49 | ||
| P-value** | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | ||
|
TG (mg/dl)
Baseline |
150.93±26.62 | 169.07±23.3 | 0.007 | 142.04±25.96 | 158.77±25.09 | 0.01 |
| Post-intervention | 145.19±39.81 | 155.77±20.3 | N.S. | 131.9±24.1 | 144.43±22.32 | 0.04 |
| Follow-up | 140.1±23.85 | 157.9±22.7 | 0.004 | 134.8±19.03 | 150.63±19 | 0.04 |
| F-value | 0.92 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 3.12 | ||
| P-value** | N.S. | 0.05 | N.S. | 0.04 | ||
|
LDL-C
Baseline |
132.3±9.86 | 140.96±11.27 | 0.002 | 131.06±8.15 | 134.9±10.07 | N.S. |
| Post-intervention | 131.3±9.93 | 140.13±11.66 | 0.003 | 131.19±8.13 | 133.3±9.64 | N.S. |
| Follow-up | 132±9.81 | 141.23±11.32 | 0.001 | 132.42±7.77 | 135.4±9.71 | N.S. |
| F-value | 0.75 | 0.075 | 0.269 | 0.375 | ||
| P-value** | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | ||
| B. Changes in blood pressure | ||||||
| Outcomes | Males (n=60) | Females (n=61) | ||||
| Blood Pressure (B.P) | Rural (30) mean±SD | Urban (30) mean±SD | p≤0.05 (between both groups) * | Rural (31) mean±SD | Urban (30) mean±SD | p≤0.05 (between both groups) * |
|
SBP (mmHg)
Baseline |
132.23±4.81 | 133.5±4.55 | N.S. | 132.32±5.5 | 132.57±4.56 | N.S. |
| Post-intervention | 131.46±4.93 | 132.16±4.44 | N.S. | 131.71±6.5 | 131.46±4.59 | N.S. |
| Follow-up | 132.86±3.72 | 133.93±4.96 | N.S. | 134.39±6.4 | 133.8±4.81 | N.S. |
| F-value | 0.72 | 1.16 | 1.052 | 1.08 | ||
| P-value** | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | ||
|
DBP (mmHg)
Baseline |
80.96±2.78 | 82.7±2.47 | 0.01 | 81.06±3.28 | 80.4±2.94 | N.S. |
| Post-intervention | 80.93±3.11 | 81.86±3.35 | N.S. | 81.09±3.6 | 80.4±2.47 | N.S. |
| Follow-up | 81.73±3.53 | 82.9±2,55 | N.S. | 82.9±4.06 | 81.5±3.27 | N.S. |
| F-value | 0.61 | 1.13 | 1.404 | 0.8 | ||
| P-value** | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | ||
**
– ANOVA and * – t-test. F-value: the degree of variation between the means of two or more groups. N.S. – non-significant (p>0.05).