Table 5.

In vitro biocompatibility

Mxenes	Type of models	Dose	Toxicity Effects	Reference
Ti3C2Tx	Zebrafish embryos	25–200 µg mL− 1	At the concentration of 50 µg mL− 1, no acutoxicity or neurotoxicity was observed.	[69]
Ti3C2Tx	Chicken embryos	30 µg per embryo,5 days incubation	Potential toxicity on the early stage of embryogenesis; down regulation of several controller genes of cell proliferation, survival, cell death and angiogenesis; inhibition of blood vessel development.	[70]
Ti3C2Tx	rats	-	No obvious inflammatory and toxic side effects	[71]
Ti3C2Tx	rats	-	excellent in vivo biosafety without damaging the main organs	[72]
Ti3C2Tx	ICR mice	20 mg kg− 1	Ti3C2Tx nanosheets could accumulate in the liver and lungs. Those in the lung might influence respiratory function	[73]
Nb2CTx	Kunming mice	20 mg kg− 1	No significant inflammation was caused. No significant histological abnormalities were found.	[27]