Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, information about COVID-19, and descriptive statistics of questionnaire scores evaluating sleep quality, insomnia severity, and sleep duration among participants who were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from April 2020 to February 2022, and from April 2020 to December 2021.
| Variable | COVID-19 in April 2020–February 2022 (n = 713) |
COVID-19 in April 2020–December 2021 (n = 333) |
|---|---|---|
| N (%) or *mean (SD) | ||
| Age | ||
| Younger (18 to 30 years) | 390 (54.7) | 194 (58.3) |
| Middle-aged (31 to 50 years) | 250 (35.1) | 100 (30.0) |
| Older (>50 years) | 73 (10.2) | 39 (11.7) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 122 (17.1) | 60 (18.0) |
| Female | 591 (82.9) | 273 (82.0) |
| BMI | ||
| Underweight range (<18.5) | 48 (6.7) | 23 (6.9) |
| Healthy weight range (18.5 to < 25) | 462 (64.8) | 205 (61.6) |
| Overweight range (25 to < 30) | 146 (20.5) | 69 (20.7) |
| Obesity (≥35) | 57 (8.0) | 36 (10.8) |
| Education | ||
| Middle/High school | 216 (30.3) | 106 (31.8) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 171(24.0) | 108 (32.4) |
| Master’s degree | 229 (32.1) | 78 (23.4) |
| Postgraduate | 97 (13.6) | 41(12.3) |
| COVID-19 severity | ||
| No marked symptoms | 183 (25.7) | 84 (25.2) |
| Mild disease | 490 (68.7) | 220 (66.1) |
| Moderate disease | 33 (4.6) | 22 (6.6) |
| Severe disease | 7 (1.0) | 7 (2.1) |
| Time to recover the pre-infection daily functioning level | ||
| ≤ 4 weeks | 479 (67.2) | 210 (63.1) |
| > 4 weeks | 234 (32.8) | 123 (35.9) |
| ≤ 12 weeks | 270 (81.1) | |
| > 12 weeks | 63 (18.9) | |
| PSQI score | *6.950 ± 3.575 | *6.885 ± 3.694 |
| ISI score | *8.279 ± 5.419 | *8.171 ± 5.330 |
| Sleep duration (hour) | *7.205 ± 1.358 | *7.215 ± 1.422 |
Notes: Demographic characteristics and questionnaire scores refer to the first assessment (April 2020), while information about COVID-19 was retrospectively collected in April 2022. Numbers preceded by an asterisk (*) are mean values ± standard deviation. BMI ranges were established according to the American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) guidelines.
Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SD, Standard deviation.