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. 2023 May 26;15(11):2931. doi: 10.3390/cancers15112931

Table 2.

The utility of autofluorescence near-infrared imaging in identification of parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy or/and parathyroidectomy.

Paper Procedure Dataset Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Other (%) Autofluorescence of PGs Time for PG Identification by NIFI
Kim S W 2016 [104] Thyroidectomy 16 PGs
8 patients
W Mean P/B 2.76
P/B 1.95–5.20
Before operation
5–10 min
During operation
<1 min
Kim S W 2017 [105] Thyroidectomy 70 PGs
38 patients
100 100 PPV: 100
NPV: 100
AC: 100
Mean P/B 4.78
P/B 1.96–12.21
Before operation
10 min
During operation
2–3 min
Ladurner R 2018 [106] Thyroidectomy 41 PGs
20 patients
90 Extra 10 min of
operating time
Takahashi T 2020 [107] Thyroidectomy
41 PGs
36 patients
82.9
Kose E
2019 [111]
Thyroidectomy
Parathyroidectomy
971 specimens
310 patients
98 Mean P/B 1.73 During operation
<1 min
550 specimens additionally sent to pathology 98.5 97.2 PPV: 95.1
NPV: 99.1
AC: 97.6
Falco J
2016 [112]
Thyroidectomy
Parathyroidectomy
28 patients Mean 40.6
14.1–67.1
McWade
WM 2016 [113]
Thyroidectomy
Parathyroidectomy
264 PGs
137 patients
97 P/B 1.2–29 Approximately extra 3–4 min of operating time
Kahramangil B 2018 [114] Thyroidectomy
Parathyroidectomy
594 PGs
210 patients
98 Approximately extra
4 min of operating time
Kim D H 2021 * [115] Thyroidectomy
Parathyroidectomy
17 studies with 1198 participants 96.93 92.48 NPV: 95.17
PPV: 94.88

PG—parathyroid gland, PPV—positive predictive value, NPV—negative predictive value, AC—accuracy, P/B—parathyroid to background fluorescence ratio, *—systematic review and meta-analysis.

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