Table 3.
Childhood cancer survivors (n.s. = not specified).
| Reference | Study Population | Sample Size | Type of Exposure | Age at Exposure | Dose | Outcome | Age at Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Broadbent, Barnes et al., 1981 [39] |
medulloblastoma (UK) | 8 | 60Co RT (neuroaxis) | 1–12 years | tumor: 43–50 Gy |
mental retardation, younger children (≤2y) more affected | n.s. |
| Danoff, Cowchock et al., 1982 [40] |
primary brain tumors (USA) | 38 | 60Co RT | 1–16 years | tumor: 40–65 Gy |
mental retardation, younger children (≤3y) more affected | n.s. |
| Mulhern, Hancock et al., 1992 [42] |
primary brain tumors (USA) | 544 | RT (local/ whole brain) | 1–18 years | n.s. | IQ decline, younger children (≤4y) more affected | 1–21 years after RT |
| Radcliffe, Bunin et al., 1994 [43] |
medulloblastoma | 24 | cranial RT | 1–20 years | n.s. | IQ decline, younger children (≤7y) more affected | 2–4 years after RT |
| Skowrońska-Gardas, 1999 [44] | CNS tumors (Poland) |
52 | photon RT (neuroaxis) |
1–3 years | tumor: 50 Gy neuroaxis: 30 Gy |
mental retardation, younger children (≤3y) more affected | 5 years after RT |
| Edelstein, Spiegler et al., 2011 [41] |
medulloblastoma | photon RT | tumor: 50 Gy neuroaxis: 23 Gy |
IQ decline, younger children (≤7y) more affected | ≤40 years after RT |
||
| Yock, Yeap et al., 2016 [48] |
medulloblastoma (USA) | 59 | proton RT (neuroaxis) |
3–21 years | tumor: 54 Gy neuroaxis: 23 Gy | IQ decline, no age-dependent effect |
7 years after RT |
| Ventura, Grieco et al., 2018 [47] |
primary brain tumors (USA) | 65 | proton RT (local) | 2–17 years | n.s. | IQ decline, no age-dependent effect |
4–18 years after RT |
| Tso, Liu et al., 2019 [46] |
germ cell tumors (Hong Kong) | 25 | cranial RT | 7–18 years | tumor: 30–54 Gy |
IQ decline, no age-dependent effect |
1–12 years after RT |
| Stadskleiv, Stensvold et al., 2022 [45] | medulloblastoma (Norway) | 50 | photon RT (neuroaxis) |
5–51 years | tumor: 44–56 Gy |
IQ decline, no age-dependent effect |
19 years after RT |