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. 2023 Jun 9;14:3417. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38682-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) score heatmap of the rule-in selected serum proteome modules (rows), across 55 PASC, 24 recovered and 22 uninfected participants (columns). B Receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG titers (y-axis) in 55 PASC and 24 recovered participants between clusters. The p-value was calculated comparing, as a group, inflammatory versus non-inflammatory clusters using a two-sided Wilcoxon test. C Clinical activity score (y-axis) of acute COVID symptoms in 55 PASC participants from inflammatory (4 & 5) vs. non-inflammatory (2 & 3) clusters. The p-value was calculated by comparing inflammatory PASC versus non-inflammatory PASC using a two-sided Wilcoxon test. D Body Mass Index (BMI) at enrollment (y-axis) across clusters (x-axis) in 55 PASC, 24 recovered and 22 uninfected. Healthy BMI cutoff is indicated by the dashed line. The p-value was calculated by comparing inflammatory clusters (4,5) to the other clusters using a two-sided Wilcoxon test. E Heatmap of proteins (rows) significantly (p-value < 0.05) correlated with BMI across all COVID-19+ participants (columns). The p-values were determined by a two-sided Spearman’s correlation test. F Correlation between the ssGSEA score of the leptin signaling module (x-axis) and BMI at enrollment (y-axis) across all COVID-19+ participants. The p-value was determined by a two-sided Spearman’s correlation test. G The age at enrollment (y-axis) across clusters (x-axis), in 55 PASC, 24 recovered and 22 uninfected. P-values were determined by a two-sided Wilcoxon test by pairwise cluster comparison. Box plots show the median (centerline), the first and third quartiles (the lower and upper bound of the box) and the whiskers show the 1.5x interquartile range of the data. H Heatmap of the proteins (as rows) significantly (p-value < 0.05) correlated with age across all COVID-19+ participants (as columns). The p-values were determined by a two-sided Spearman’s correlation test. i Correlation between the ssGSEA score of the type II interferon signaling module (x-axis) and age at enrollment (y-axis) across all COVID-19+ participants. The p-value was determined by a two-sided Spearman’s correlation test. The bands in all correlation scatter plots display the 95% confidence interval.