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. 2023 May 24;12(11):2107. doi: 10.3390/foods12112107

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cytotoxicity results of the nfKaS-ex and fKaS-ex. CTL (gray): no treatment for sample; (A) the cytotoxicity results of Raw264.7 cells for nfKaS-ex (blue) and fKaS-ex (green). The fKaS-ex showed higher cell viability. (B) The cytotoxicity results of HaCaT cells for nfKaS-ex (blue) and fKaS-ex (green). The fKaS shows cell viability at higher concentrations, similar to the Raw264.7 cytotoxicity results. The data for (A,B) are reported as means ± SD (n = 3). Significance probabilities between groups (one-way ANOVA): ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.