Table 3.

Characteristics of the included studies: first author, year and journal of publication, reference number, title, and design. Synthesis of the main conclusion(s) about antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry reported in the included studies.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Dentistry
Study Characteristics	Title	Conclusion(s)
Bianco, 2021 Antibiotics (Basel) [69] Cross-sectional	“Appropriateness of Antibiotic Prescription for Prophylactic Purposes among Italian Dental Practitioners: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study”	The prescription of antibiotics by Italian dentists for prophylactic reasons was found to be not in accordance with the guidelines in 70.9% of cases.
Ireland, 2012 Br Dent J [70] Cross-sectional	“An investigation of antibiotic prophylaxis in implant practice in the UK”	Pre- and post-operative prescription regimens of antibiotics in dental implant practice in the United Kingdom are highly variable. In most cases, antibiotics were prescribed to prevent infection of the surgical site or to reduce bacteremia.
Kirnbauer, 2022 Clin Oral Investig [71] Randomized Control Trial	“Is perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the case of routine surgical removal of the third molar still justified? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a split-mouth design”	Oral antibiotics administered in the perioperative phase of routine surgical extractions of wisdom teeth in the absence of inflammation did not show a reduction in post-operative complications or greater benefit in patient-related outcome measures.
Lollobrigida, 2021 Antibiotics (Basel) [72] Cross-sectional	“Antibiotics to Prevent Surgical Site Infection (SSI) in Oral Surgery: Survey among Italian Dentists”	The choices reported by the dentists about antibiotic prescriptions for the prevention of infections in post-extraction surgical sites were appropriate for deciduous tooth extractions and simple extractions in healthy adult subjects. However, responses were more heterogeneous in adult extractions with comorbidities, complex or multiple extractions, drainage abscesses, and implant placement. The dosage to be used was also found to be very heterogeneous.
Salgado-Peralvo, 2021 Antibiotics (Basel) [73] Systematic Review	“Preventive Antibiotic Therapy in the Placement of Immediate Implants: A Systematic Review”	The study showed the efficacy of prophylactic treatment with 2–3 g of amoxicillin one hour before immediate implant placement and after for 5–7 days at a dosage of 500 mg every 8 h to reduce the rate of early failure. In subjects with penicillin allergy, azithromycin, clarithromycin, or metronidazole were recommended, but not clindamycin, if possible.
Salgado-Peralvo, 2022 Antibiotics (Basel) [74] Systematic Review	“Is Antibiotic Prophylaxis Necessary before Dental Implant Procedures in Patients with Orthopaedic Prostheses? A Systematic Review”	There is no evidence showing a relationship between implant placement and an increased risk of orthopedic prosthesis infection. Therefore, the authors concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis is not justified in these cases.
Salgado-Peralvo, 2022 J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg [75] Systematic Review	“Preventive antibiotic therapy in bone augmentation procedures in oral implantology: A systematic review”	The study showed that the administration of 2/3 g of amoxicillin one hour before bone augmentation procedures in oral implantology allowed a reduction in the rate of early implant failure and the infection risk of the grafted bone particles.
Sato, 2022 Oral Dis [76] Retrospective	“Amoxicillin vs. third-generation cephalosporin for infection prophylaxis after third molar extraction”	Antibiotic prophylaxis with amoxicillin prior to extraction of impacted third molars showed a lower incidence of surgical site infections than using third-generation cephalosporins.
Sato, 2022 J Infect Chemother [77] Retrospective	“Trends in prophylactic antibiotic use for tooth extraction from 2015 to 2018 in Japan: An analysis using a health insurance claims database”	The trend in antibiotic prophylaxis for the extraction of third molars changed from 2015 to 2018 in Japan after the National Action Plan, with an increase in the use of amoxicillin and a decrease in third-generation cephalosporins.
Sologova, 2022 Dent J (Basel) [78] Systematic Review	“Antibiotics Efficiency in the Infection Complications Prevention after Third Molar Extraction: A Systematic Review”	The study showed that amoxicillin, with or without clavulanic acid, is the most widely used antibiotic at different dosages and durations to prevent infectious complications following the extraction of third molars.
Sing Gill, 2018 Medicina (Kaunas) [79] Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis	“A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Evaluating Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Dental Implants and Extraction Procedures”	The use of antibiotics prophylactically for third-molar extractions in healthy patients was supported by little evidence. In contrast, no significant evidence showed a higher incidence of adverse events to antibiotics compared with placebo.
Williams, 2020 Br Dent J [80] Cross-sectional	“Antibiotic prophylaxis during dental implant placement in the UK”	The study showed heterogeneous choices to prescribe antibiotics prophylactically for implant placement. Almost half of the dentists did not prescribe antibiotics routinely. In other cases, antibiotics were prescribed for complex procedures and by more qualified dentists.