Table 5.
NETs and SLE activity, lupus nephritis, and immunological markers of SLE.
| Authors | Number of Patients | Methods of NETs Detection | Association of NETs with Lupus Nephritis | Association of NETs with Daily Proteinuria | Association of NETs with Anti-dsDNA | Association of NETs with C3, C4 | Association of NETs with SLE Activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hakkim et al., 2010 [17] | SLE 61, RA 30, HC 54 |
Destruction of NETs by serum | + | ND | + | ND | ND |
| Leffler et al., 2012 [18] |
SLE 94, HC 54 |
1. Destruction of NETs by serum 2.DNAase activity |
+ | ND | + | + | + |
| Leffler et al., 2013 [19] |
SLE 69 | Destruction of NETs by serum | + | ND | + | + | + |
| Zhang et al., 2014 [20] |
SLE 54, HC 43 |
Plasma cfDNA levels | + | + | − | − | − |
| van der Linden et al., 2018 [15] |
SLE 55, SLE with APS 38, PAPS 28, HC 27 |
NETs production | − | ND | + | − | − |
| El-Ghoneimy et al., 2019 [16] |
SLE 50, HC 50 |
NETs production | + | + | + | + | + |
| Jeremic et al., 2019 [21] |
SLE 111, HC 50 |
cfDNA levels | − | ND | + | − | − |
| Bruschi et al., 2020 [14] |
SLE 216, SLE with lupus nephritis 103, HC 50 |
1.MPO-DNA complex ELISA 2.NETs production 3.DNAase activity |
+ | ND | ND | − | − |
| Hanata et al., 2022 [13] |
SLE 33, HC 19 |
MPO-DNA complex ELISA | − | ND | + | - | − |
| Reshetnyak et al., 2023 (current study) |
SLE 30, SLE + APS 47, PAPS 41, HC 20 |
MPO-DNA complex ELISA | + | - | + | + | + |
Note: SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; MPO-DNA complex, myeloperoxidase–deoxyribonucleic acid complex; ELISA, enzyme immunoassay; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; cfDNA, cell-free DNA; SLEDAI, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; PAPS, primary antiphospholipid syndrome; ND, no data.