Table 1.

Common pathogenic mechanisms between adenomyosis, endometriosis and cancers.

Pathogenesis	Genetics	Inflamation and Immunology	Hormones	Oxidative Stress
Adenomyosis with a similar role in malignancy	K-RAS mutation (V-Ki-RAS 2 Kirsten rat) CTNNB1 encoding B-cathenin ARID1A (A-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A) p53 JAZF1-SuZ12 EPC1-PHF1 PTEN loss	COX2 TNF-α Toll-like receptors (TLR1) Nuclear factor Kappa (NF-KB) Macrophage IL-6 IL-10	Oestrogen Poor response to progesteron	ROS Annexin ANXA2 EMT MMP2 and 9 (metalloproteinase)

COX2—cyclooxygenase-2; TNF-α—tumour necrosis factor alpha; IL-6—interleukin-6; IL-10—interleukin-10; ROS—oxygen-containing reactive species.