Table 9.
The antibacterial and antihypertensive activities of yak milk and its bioactive components.
| Function | Active Ingredients | Cell Line or Model | Dose | Detailed Content | Research Evaluation | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-bacterial activity | Exopolysaccharide (EPS-3A) produced by Streptococcus thermophilus ZJUIDS-2-01 |
/ | 8 mg/mL | It has inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus CMCC 26003 and Lactobacillus monocytogenes CMCC 54007. | It can be developed as a natural alternative to antibiotics. | [63] |
| Y5-P1 | / | / | Antibacterial compound Y5-P1, from this strain, has biologically active effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. | It could be further developed as a candidate drug against highly resistant pathogens. | [61] | |
| Antimicrobial peptides Arg-Val-Met-Phe-Trp-Ala and Val-Ile-Ser-Met-Ile. | / | / | The peptide Arg-Val-Met-Phe-Lys-Trp-Ala has inhibitory effects against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Salmonella typhi. The peptide Lys-Val-Ile-Ser-Met-Ile also has inhibitory effects against fungi. | / | [59] | |
| κ-casein hydrolysate | / | / | Exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. | It can serve as a potential inhibitor for Escherichia coli. | [60] | |
| Mouse diarrhea model | 1 × 109 CFU/day | Regulates intestinal microbiota in an E. coli-induced diarrhea mouse model, improving diarrhea. | Pre-supplementation of LR1 can alleviate clinical symptoms caused by E. coli and promote the health of the gut microbiota. | [62] | ||
| Lactobacillus Plantarum SHY21-2 | / | / | It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. | It has the potential to be used as a biopreservative in food. | [64] | |
| Anti-hypertensive | Peptides in fermented foods with yak milk | / | / | It has strong ACE inhibitory activity. | Natural nutritional products rich in highly active ACE inhibitory peptides can be developed. | [24] |
| YQKFPQY LPQNIPPL SKVLPVPQK LPYPYY FLPYPYY |
/ | / | It has strong ACE inhibitory activity. | Yak cheese protein can be used as a resource for the production of anti-hypertensive peptides. | [68] | |
| Casein hydrolyzed peptide | / | / | Release of active and non-toxic ACE inhibitory peptides. | Yak cheese protein is a good precursor for the production of many bioactive peptides. | [72] | |
| Casein hydrolyzed peptide PPEIN, PLPLL | / | / | It has strong ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.29 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.25 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively. | It can be used as a raw material for the production of functional foods. | [70] | |
| Casein hydrolyzed peptide KYIPIQ | / | / | It has strong ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 7.28 μM. | May be a valuable source of ACE inhibitory peptides. | [69] | |
| KYIPIQ | Human vascular endothelial cells | / | Increased synthesis of NO and expression of eNOS in HUVECs. | It has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of hypertension. | [67] | |
| Casein hydrolyzed peptide KFPQY | / | / | It has strong ACE inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 12.37 ± 0.43 μM. | / | [71] |
“/” means the literature did not mention it.