Figure 3.

Overexpression of MdbHLH093 in A. thaliana enhances resistance to powdery mildew. (a) Phenotypes of wild type and transgenic lines (OE # 1,2,3) after 7 days of infection with powdery mildew, Scale bar = 1 cm. (b) Relative gene expression of MdbHLH093 in A. thaliana transgenic lines. (c) Number of spores per gram of fresh leaves at 7 dpi (days post-inoculation). Error bars are calculated from three biological experiments and show the standard deviation of the mean. Asterisks indicate statistical significance (**, p < 0.01; Student’s t-test). (d) Lesion area, H₂O₂, and callose accumulation after inoculation with pathogenic bacteria. Scale bar = 1 cm. (e) Comparison of the growth and development of powdery mildew on leaves of WT and transgenic A. thaliana. Scale bar = 50 μm.