Table 1.
Summary of included studies (n = 24). The number in brackets is the standard deviation where reported. Braga et al. presented median value instead of mean.
| Author | Year | Country | Total GDM | Macrosomia | LGA | Mean HBA1C | DX Criteria | Duration | Mean Age | BMI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alfadhil [31] | 2015 | Saudi Arabia | 292 | 10 | - | 5.77 (±0.82) | IADPSG | 2011–2014 | 32.69 (±6.08) | 32.30 (±6.66) |
| Antoniou [38] | 2020 | Switzerland | 740 | 45 | 95 | 5.50 (±0.4) | IADPSG | 2012–2017 | 32.80 (±5.5) | 26.10 (±5.4) |
| Barquel [17] | 2016 | Spain | 2037 | - | 126 | 5.20 (±0.4) | NDDG | 1987–2008 | 33.00 (±4.0) | 24.70 (±4.7) |
| Braga [35] | 2019 | Brazil | 78 | 9 | - | 5.68 | Carpenter & Coustan | 2004–2005 | 31.00 | 27.80 |
| Buhary [32] | 2016 | Saudi Arabia | 177 | 31 | - | 6.58 | WHO | 2012–2013 | 31.88 | 31.31 |
| Capula [30] | 2013 | Italy | 148 | 3 | 10 | 5.28 (±0.29) | Two step procedure IWCGDM | 2009–2010 | 33.4 (±4.8) | 26.40 (±5.2) |
| Dalfra [28] | 2011 | Italy | 1300 | - | 269 | 5.20 | Carpenter & Coustan | 2001–2007 | 33.48 | 24.90 |
| Gonzalez-quintero [33] | 2007 | Miami, USA | 3218 | 376 | 462 | 5.10–5.50 | - | 2001–2005 | 31.11 | 29.47 |
| Hu [24] | 2020 | China | 1155 | 108 | 112 | 5.36 | ADP | 2012–2017 | 31.30 | 22.62 |
| Kansu-celik [36] | 2019 | Turkey | 69 | 12 | 5.31 (±0.58) | Carpenter & Coustan | 2010–2018 | 31.11 (±6.93) | 27.43 (±5.49) | |
| Katon [21] | 2012 | USA | 502 | 210 | 210 | 5.70 | - | 2000–2010 | 31.00 (±5.4) | 25.00 |
| Krstevska [39] | 2009 | North Macedonia | 180 | 37 | - | 6.23 (±1.2) | ADA | 2006–2009 | 31.29 | 28.20 (±6.2) |
| Liu [25] | 2020 | China | 81 | 3 | - | 4.98 | WHO 13 | - | 31.95 | 22.02 |
| Mane [34] | 2017 | Spain | 22 | 3 | 4 | 5.90 | ADA | 2013–2015 | 33.81 (±4.87) | 30.41 (±5.46) |
| Mikkelsen [23] | 2011 | Denmark | 148 | - | 38 | 5.37 | 2-h 75 g OGTT | 2007 | 32.57 | 28.86 |
| Olmos [18] | 2012 | Chile | 251 | 21 | 44 | 5.56 | WHO | 1998–2009 | 32.75 | 26.31 |
| Pintaudi [29] | 2018 | Italy | 2736 | 132 | 163 | 5.10 (±0.8) | Italian recommendation | 2012–2015 | 36.60 (±5.10) | 24.80 |
| Sweeting [19] | 2017 | Australia | 1805 | 161 | 411 | 5.30 (±0.5) | ADP | 1991–2011 | 33.20 (±5.0) | 24.00 (±5.1) |
| Veres [37] | 2015 | Romania | 26 | 6 | - | 6.50 | Carpenter & Coustan | 2009–2011 | 31.31 (±4.47) | 27.84 (±4.45) |
| Wong [20] | 2017 | Australia | 1244 | - | 142 | 5.40 (±0.4) | ADIPS | 2010–2014 | 31.60 (±5.2) | 27.50 (6.9) |
| Xin [22] | 2018 | Singapore | 202 | - | 21 | 5.99 | WHO-2011 | 2012–2013 | 33.07 (±4.6) | - |
| Xu [26] | 2019 | China | 1200 | 142 | 260 | 5.40 (±0.62) | IADPSG | 2016–2017 | 30.90 (±4.2) | 23.50 (±3.4) |
| Zhao [27] | 2019 | China | 100 | 8 | - | 6.10–6.30 | 75 g OGTT | 2014–2017 | 31.90 | 26.40 |