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. 2023 May 30;24(11):9516. doi: 10.3390/ijms24119516

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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In vitro venom binding of commercial Indian and Sri Lankan antivenoms. Line graphs indicate the in vitro binding potentials of the Indian and Sri Lankan polyvalent antivenoms against the venoms of three pit viper species from the Western Ghats: (A) C. malabaricus, (B) C. gramineus and (C) H. hypnale. The binding abilities were assessed across various dilutions of the antivenom through indirect ELISA experiments. Here, the x- and y-axis represent antivenom dilution and absorbance at 405 nm, respectively. The dotted lines indicate the titre value of the corresponding antivenom: B: Bharat Serums and Vaccines Ltd.; H: Haffkine Bio-Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd.; P: Premium Serums and Vaccines Pvt. Ltd.; V: VINS Bioproducts Ltd.; VR: Virchow Biotech Private Ltd. and SL: Pentavalent Sri-Lankan antivenom manufactured by Premium Serums and Vaccines Pvt. Ltd.