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Nephrotoxicity of H. hypnale venom from the Western Ghats. Here, panel (A) shows control mice and panels (B–F) represent treatment groups: 15.4 μg (B), 19.25 μg (C), 24.05 μg (D), 30.08 μg (E), and 37.06 μg (F) concentrations of H. hypnale venoms injected intradermally. A scale bar of 20 μm is shown, along with yellow and green arrows that indicate glomerular degeneration and tubular injury, respectively.
