Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
The microbiome–gut–brain axis in health and dysbiosis. ACTH—adrenocorticotropic hormone; BBB—blood–brain barrier; EC—epithelial cell; EEC—enteroendocrine cell; ENS—enteric nervous system; GABA—gamma-aminobutyric acid; GC—goblet cell; HPA—hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; IL—interleukin; LPS—lipopolysaccharides; M—mucous; SCFA—short-chain fatty acid; TNF-α—tumour necrosis factor alpha. Created with BioRender.com.
