Table 4.

The effects of Dox on systemic TLR4 expression: reports from clinical studies.

Model	Methods	Major Findings	Interpretation	Ref.
Patients with hematological malignancy who received treatment with doxorubicin (n = 25); -(Doxorubicin at 100–250 mg/m2, 6 months) -LVEF > 50%	-The blood was collected to determine TLR4 gene expression. -Echocardiography was used to determine cardiac function.	16 patients (64%) developed left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, associated with high gene expression of TLR4 after 6 months of Dox treatment.	The TLR4 expression may play as a marker for risk of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.	[46]
Patients with hematological malignancy who received treatment with doxorubicin (n = 25); -(Doxorubicin at 100–250 mg/m2, 6 wk) -LVEF > 50%	-The blood was collected to determine TLR4 gene expression. -Echocardiography was used to determine cardiac function.	There is a strong negative linear relationship between TLR4 expression and LVEF in patients after 6 weeks of Dox treatment.	Elevation of TLR4 levels were implicated in Dox-induced left ventricular dysfunction.	[47]

Dox: doxorubicin; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4.