| OER | Oxygen evolution reaction |
| UOR | Urea oxidation reaction |
| HER | Hydrogen evolution reaction |
| Cu3P-NW/CF | Cu3P nanowires on Cu foam |
| vs. RHE | Versus the reversible hydrogen electrode |
| Cu(OH)2-NA/CF | Cu(OH)2 nanowires on Cu foam |
| Cu3P-P/CF | Cu3P powder on Cu foam |
| XRD | X-ray diffraction |
| SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
| EDX | Energy dispersive X-ray |
| HRTEM | High-resolution TEM |
| XPS | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy |
| CV | Cyclic voltammetry |
| LSV | Linear sweep voltammetry |
| EIS | Electrochemical impedance spectra |
| C dl | double layer capacitance |
| ECSA | electrochemical active surface area |
| SAED | selected area electron diffraction |
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