Table 2.

Major nanoparticles that have been widely applied in inflammation and cancer nano-therapies.

Nanoparticle	Size	Role of Action	References
PLGA NPs	350–410 nm	It provides immunotolerance to cancer. It was found to induce anti-tumor therapeutic effects. CD8 T cells secreted interferons at the site of lymph nodes and spleen, and vaccinated mice were treated with PLGA NPs.	[104]
β-Glucan NPs (BG34-Fe3O4 conjugated carbon nanotubes)	80–100 nm (Length) 10–20 nm (Diameter)	β-glucan from the cell wall of natural sources such as plants and fungi, have appeared to enhance anti-tumor responses through direct interaction with immune cells such as macrophages and others. It acts as an immune modulator in optimizing tumor microenvironments.	[105]
Anti-PD-L-1 targeted nanoplatform consists of Au-SPIO@PLGA NPs	500 nm	It was found to achieve the promotion of polarization of TAM to M1 (classically activated macrophages) and reverse the cause of immunosuppression by TAM and block the programmed death-ligand 1/Programmed cell death pathway.	[106]
F${\left({\mathbf{a}\mathbf{b}}^{\prime }\right)}_2$ Conjugated–PLGA NPs	500 nm	The efficient and specific T-cell targeting drug delivery binding system in vitro in human cells. In vivo, it allows specific targeted delivery of an inhibitor of TGFβR1 and TLR 7/8 agonist, found to delay the growth of tumors in mice, when delivered via Programmed cell death-1 protein targeting NPs.	[107]
CD44TA-LIP NPs (Liposomes targeting CD44 receptor using Thioaptamers)	204.9	Found to exhibit a host defense mechanism against invading pathogens (TB immunopathogenesis) activate lymphocytes, and provide immunity against tuberculosis in mice.	[108]
Zn-pyrophosphate NPs loaded with photosensitizer pyrolipid (Zn P@Pyro)	NA	It can kill tumor cells, induces apoptosis, and tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses, and disrupt tumor vasculature. It significantly prevents the metastasis of tumors to the lungs of mice.	[109]
PLGA NPs-based vaccine	350–410 nm	It induces specific anti-tumor T-cell responses and activates INF-γ secretion at lymph nodes by activation of CD8+, TRP2 specific T-cells of vaccinated mice bearing melanoma B16 tumors.	[104]
Cytosine-phosphate-guanine coated NPs	NA	It shows rapid accumulation by Antigen-presenting cells and triggers the release of cytokines (IL-10). Induces strong anti-inflammatory responses, enhances TH1/TH2 responses, and eliminates tumor cells.	[110]
Nano-artificial APC iron-dextran coated NPs	50–100 nm	It was found to enhance antigen-specific T-cell proliferation in vitro and inhibition/clearance of tumor growth	[111]

Abbreviations: PLGA-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), TAM (tumor-associated macrophage), CD (cluster of differentiation), Fab (fragment, antigen binding), Au (gold), and SPIO (superparamagnetic iron oxide).