Au	Gold
Ag	Silver
WHO	World Health Organization
QD	quantum dots
ASTM	American Society for Testing and Materials
NP	nanoparticle
mm	millimetre
nm	nanometre
NM	nanomaterial
HPLC-MS	High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction
ELISA	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Pt	Platinum
Pd	Palladium
Zn	Zinc
Cd	Cadmium
Cu	Copper
Fe	Iron
Ni	Nickel
Co	Cobalt
HAuCl4	Tetrachloroauric Acid
H2PtCl6	Hexachloroplatinic acid
RhCl3	Rhodium (III) chloride
PdCl2	Palladium (II) chloride
cm	centimetre
TiO2	Titanium dioxide
RF	radio frequency
K	Kelvin
kHz	kilohertz
MHz	megahertz
kW	kilowatt
MW	megawatt
atm	atmosphere
sec	seconds
N	Nitrogen
DMF	dimethylformamide
PEG	polyethylene glycol
UV	ultraviolet
AuNPs	gold nanoparticles
°C	degrees Celsius
min	minutes
ZnO	Zinc oxide
SnO2	Tin oxide
PbO	Lead (II) oxide
EC-SPR	Electrochemical—surface plasmon resonance sensor
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic Acid
LSPR	Localised surface plasmon resonance
SERS	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
E. coli	Escherichia coli
PMNCs	polymeric nanocomposites
antibodies	ABs
GOX	glucose oxidase
PDA	polydopamine
DA	dopamine
CFU	colony-forming unit
mL	millilitre
PtNPs	platinum nanoparticles
PBNCs	polymeric bionanocomposites
L. monocytogenes	Listeria monocytogenes
μm	micrometre
LOD	Limit of detection
g	gram
β-Gal	β-galactosidase
S. typhimurium	Salmonella typhimurium
h	hours
PBS	phosphate buffered saline
EC	Commission Regulation
No	Number
S. boydii	Shigella boydii
ICS	immunochromatographic strip
S. aureus	Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC	American Type Culture Collection
MNPs	metal nanoparticles
MOs	metal oxides
CuO	copper oxide
Ag2O	silver oxide
CuNPs	Copper nanoparticles
pg	picograms
Fe3O4	Iron oxide
SeNP	Selenium nanoparticle
FeNP	Iron nanoparticle
kg	kilogram
K	Potassium
Mg	Magnesium
Ca	Calcium
Hg	Mercury
IC	inhibition concentration
LC	lethal concentration
CMT	maximum permissible concentration
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
LOx	lactate oxidase
BC	Bio-cellulose
Co	Collagen
CuONPs	Copper oxide nanoparticles
fmol	femtomole
COVID-19	Coronavirus Disease 2019
SARS-CoV-2	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
USD	The United States dollar
LDPE	Low-density polyethylene
RFID	Frequencies radio
EFSA	The European Food Safety Authority
MNTS	Micro- and Nanotechnologies
LDPE	Low-density polyethylene
OR	oil of oregano
RO	rosemary oil
SWNT	single walled carbon nanotube based
PLL	Poly-L-lysine
ESI	electrospray ionisation
GCE	glassy carbon electrode
PCL	polycaprolactone
PHB	polyhydroxy butyrate
PHV	polyhydroxy valerate
PE	polymers polyethylene
PVC	polyvinyl chloride
EVOH	ethylene vinyl alcohol
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
IgM	Immunoglobulin M
PBAT	poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate
TPS	cellulose-based thermoplastic starch
PLA	poly lactide
PHA	poly-hydroxyalkanoate
PHB	poly-hydroxybutyrate
PGA	poly-glutamic acid
MCF-7	Michigan Cancer Foundation-7
MOF	metal-organic framework
ZIF MOF	zeolitic imidazolate metal-organic framework
MWCNTs-COOH	carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotube
WSP-CNT-PPy	weft-knitted spacer fabric-carbon nanotubes-polypyrrole
SNO2	tin oxide
PEDOT	poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
PEDOT:PSS	poly (3,4ethyeledioxythiopene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate)
PVA	poly(vinyl alcohol)
TEMPO	treated viscose fabrics with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical
TOCN	TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils
CMCh	carboxymethyl chitosan
PANI	polyaniline