Figure 3.

Cell cytotoxicity and cell protection assay by KRGM gintonin in HDFs. HDFs were seeded in a 96-well plate at 2 × 10⁴ cells/well density for assay. (A) Cell viability assay using KRGM gintonin (GT) at 24 h. Each treatment group with indicated doses exhibited a significant increase. * p < 0.05, compared with the untreated group. (B–D) Cell viability assay using KRGM gintonin at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h under ultraviolet (UV) damage at a power of 50 mJ/cm². HDFs were treated with KRGM gintonin. (B) KRGM gintonin treatment increased cell viability at a concentration of 1 and 3 μg/mL under UVB exposure at 24 h. (C) KRGM gintonin treatment increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner from 0.1 to 10 μg/mL under UVB exposure at 48 h. (D) KRGM gintonin treatment increased cell viability at every dose under UVB exposure at 72 h. * p < 0.05, compared with the control group. ** p < 0.01, compared with untreated group. Each graph shows the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. UT; untreated control group, Ki; Ki16425 10 μM treatment group.