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. 2023 May 25;23(11):5080. doi: 10.3390/s23115080

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Types of indoor (a–d) and outdoor (e–h) rock climbing. The four types of indoor climbing include bouldering (a), top rope (b), sport lead (c), and speed climbing (d). The four types of outdoor climbing include bouldering (e), top rope (f), sport lead (g), and traditional (trad) lead climbing (h). Indoor bouldering (a) shows a blue padded floor below the climber. Indoor top rope climbing (b) shows the rope path that goes above the climber to a top anchor and then towards the floor to a belayer below. Indoor lead climbing (c) shows anchors (red circles) along the climbing route. Indoor speed climbing (d) shows the rope path that goes above the climber to a top anchor. Outdoor bouldering (e) shows several ground pads below the climber. Outdoor top rope climbing (f) shows the rope path that goes above the climber to a top anchor and then towards the ground to a belayer below. Outdoor lead climbing (g) shows anchors (red circles) along a climber’s route. Outdoor trad lead climbing (h) shows a removable anchor (red circle) inserted in a large crack in the rock near a climber.