Table 1.
Overview of sensors used for climbing studies.
| Sensor Type | Sensor Location | System Details | Measurement | Product (Company) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body movement—accelerometer | Hip | Biometric shirt with accelerometer in hip shirt pocket | Triaxial linear acceleration (g) | Hexoskin (Carre Technologies, Montreal, QC, Canada) | [14] |
| Body movement—IMU (accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer) | Arms, legs, chest | Device with three time-matched sensors | Triaxial linear acceleration (g), rotational velocity (rad/s), earth magnetic field (T) | MotionPod (Movea, Grenoble, France) | [19,20,21] |
| Body movement—insole pressure distribution | Insole of shoe | 2D spatial array of force sensors (10 mm resolution) | Vertical force between foot and shoe (Pa) | Pedar-X (Novel, Munich, Germany) | [17] |
| Body movement—motion capture system (MCS) | Visible body markers | Multiple synchronized video cameras to capture 3D spatial location | Center of gravity horizontal distance from wall (m), velocity (m/s) | Mac 3D System (Motion Analysis, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) | [22] |
| Body movement—force sensor embedded within climbing hold | Embedded within holds on climbing wall | Force sensors within climbing holds with wireless data transfer | Triaxial linear force (Pa) | K3D120 triaxial force sensor (ME-Meβsysteme, Hennigsdorf, Germany) | [23] |
| Respiration—airflow | Face mask | Airflow sensor within breathing apparatus, chest/backpack unit | Minute ventilation (L/min) | METAMAX 2B (Cortex, Biophysik, GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) | [24] |
| Respiration—O2, CO2 | Face mask | O2, CO2 sensors within breathing apparatus, chest/backpack unit | O2 consumption (L/min) CO2 release (L/min) | METAMAX 2B (Cortex, Biophysik, GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) | [24] |
| Respiration—respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) | Chest bands | Biometric shirt with RIP sensors in two chest bands | Breathing rate (breaths/min), minute ventilation (L/min) | Hexoskin (Carre Technologies, Montreal, QC, Canada) | [14] |
| Heart activity—electrocardiography (ECG) | Chest | Biometric shirt with three flexible ECG sensors | Heart rate (beats/min) | Hexoskin (Carre Technologies, Montreal, QC, Canada) | [14] |
| Heart activity—electrocardiography (ECG) | Chest | ECG sensors attached to chest strap | Heart rate (beats/min) | Polar (Polar Electro OY, Kempele, Finland) | [24] |
| Eye gazing—eye tracking glasses (ETG) | Face | Cameras embedded within eye glass frame | Eye gaze patterns toward holds on climbing wall | Tobii Pro Glasses 2 (Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden) | [8] |
| Skeletal muscle—electromyography (EMG) | Forearms | Skin surface EMG sensors attached to local muscle | Electrical activity of muscle | Tel-100 System (BioPac Systems Goleta, CA, USA) | [25] |
| Skeletal muscle—near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) | Forearms | Skin surface near-infrared light source and detector | Muscle oxygen saturation = oxy-hemoglobin/total hemoglobin | PortaMon (Artinis Medical Systems, BV, Zetten, The Netherlands) | [26] |