Table 3.
Climbing performance metrics based on parameters derived from sensor measurements.
| Climbing Skill/ Performance Metric |
Sensor-Derived Parameter | Body Movement Sensor (Location) | Respiration Sensor | Heart Sensor | Eye Gazing Sensor | Skeletal Muscle Sensor | External Scene Camera | Hold-Embedded Force Sensor | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Recovery rate during rest/climb patterns | Spatial variations in heart rate, systemic oxygen uptake | ACC (hip) | BR, MV | HR | - | - | Yes | - | [14] |
| Climbing fluidity | Jerk coefficient, immobility, geometric index of entropy | ACC (hip), IMU (hip, legs, forearms) | - | - | - | - | - | - | [5,12,36,37,38,39] |
| Time spent at different climbing states | Resting/ascending ratio, body orientations | ACC (hip), IMU (hip) | - | - | - | - | Yes | - | [19,21,40] |
| Load distribution along climbing path | Location of center of mass | - | - | - | - | - | Yes | Yes | [41] |
| Perceived exertion | Breathing rate, breathing depth | - | BR, MV | - | - | - | - | - | [9,42] |
| Climbing economy, aerobic energy demand | Systemic oxygen consumption | - | MV | - | - | - | - | - | [24] |
| Cardiac modulation of nervous system | Heart rate variability | - | - | ECG | - | - | - | - | [57] |
| Time spent at different gaze behavior states during climbing | Exploring ahead versus maintaining focus | - | - | - | Gaze behavior | - | - | - | [8] |
| Route previewing strategy and skill | Identify visual strategies: ascending, fragmentary, zigzagging, sequence-of-blocks | - | - | - | Gaze behavior | - | - | - | [32] |
| Forearm muscle endurance, fatigue | Local muscle oxygenation, muscle activation | - | - | - | - | NIRS, EMG (forearm) | - | - | [11,48,58,59] |
BR breathing rate, MV minute ventilation, HR heart rate, ECG electrocardiogram, ACC accelerometer, IMU inertial measurement unit, EMG electromyography, NIRS near-infrared spectroscopy.