Table 1.
Characteristics of study sample examining the possible association between coffee and dementia risk, collected at HUNT2 and HUNT4.
| Coffee Consumption (Cups/Day) | Tea Consumption (Cups/Day) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 0–1 | 2–3 | 4–5 | 6–7 | ≥8 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ≥3 | |
| Total study population, n | 7381 | 580 | 1770 | 2584 | 1248 | 1199 | 4413 | 1132 | 1184 | 652 |
| Sex, male | 3432 (46.5) | 286 (49.3) | 768 (43.4) | 1099 (42.5) | 594 (47.6) | 685 (57.1) | 2229 (50.5) | 497 (43.9) | 411 (34.7) | 295 (45.2) |
| Age | 55.85 ± 6.20 | 56.22 ± 6.19 | 56.57 ± 6.56 | 56.18 ± 6.43 | 55.40 ± 5.96 | 54.39 ± 5.36 | 55.76 ± 6.21 | 55.83 ± 6.31 | 56.22 ± 6.47 | 55.90 ± 5.96 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||||
| Primary school | 2976 (40.3) | 162 (27.9) | 633 (35.8) | 1104 (42.7) | 532 (42.6) | 545 (45.5) | 1918 (43.5) | 363 (32.1) | 454 (38.3) | 241 (37.0) |
| High school | 2655 (36.0) | 222 (38.3) | 642 (36.3) | 891 (34.5) | 452 (36.2) | 448 (37.4) | 1578 (35.8) | 425 (37.5) | 432 (36.5) | 220 (33.7) |
| College/university | 1750 (23.7) | 196 (33.8) | 495 (28.0) | 589 (22.8) | 264 (21.2) | 206 (17.2) | 917 (20.8) | 344 (30.4) | 298 (25.2) | 191 (29.3) |
| Marital status | ||||||||||
| Unmarried | 310 (4.2) | 42 (7.2) | 70 (4.0) | 104 (4.0) | 47 (3.8) | 47 (3.9) | 197 (4.5) | 42 (3.7) | 41 (3.5) | 30 (4.6) |
| Married | 6097 (82.6) | 462 (79.7) | 1457 (82.3) | 2137 (82.7) | 1057 (84.7) | 984 (82.1) | 3635 (82.4) | 945 (83.5) | 984 (83.1) | 533 (81.7) |
| Widow(er)/divorced/separated | 974 (13.2) | 76 (13.1) | 243 (13.7) | 343 (13.3) | 144 (11.5) | 168 (14.0) | 581 (13.2) | 145 (12.8) | 159 (13.4) | 89 (13.7) |
| Tea consumption (cups/day) | ||||||||||
| 0 | 4413 (59.8) | 181 (31.2) | 721 (40.7) | 1595 (61.7) | 935 (74.9) | 981 (81.8) | ||||
| 1 | 1132 (15.3) | 103 (17.8) | 436 (24.6) | 398 (15.4) | 120 (9.6) | 75 (6.3) | ||||
| 2 | 1184 (16.0) | 119 (20.5) | 397 (22.4) | 438 (17.0) | 139 (11.1) | 91 (7.6) | ||||
| ≥3 | 652 (8.8) | 177 (30.5) | 216 (12.2) | 153 (5.9) | 54 (4.3) | 52 (4.3) | ||||
| Coffee consumption (cups/day) | ||||||||||
| 0–1 | 580 (7.9) | 181 (4.1) | 103 (9.1) | 119 (10.1) | 177 (27.1) | |||||
| 2–3 | 1770 (24.0) | 721 (16.3) | 436 (38.5) | 397 (33.5) | 216 (33.1) | |||||
| 4–5 | 2584 (35.0) | 1595 (36.1) | 398 (35.2) | 438 (37.0) | 153 (23.5) | |||||
| 6–7 | 1248 (16.9) | 935 (21.2) | 120 (10.6) | 139 (11.7) | 54 (8.3) | |||||
| ≥8 | 1199 (16.2) | 981 (22.2) | 75 (6.6) | 91 (7.7) | 52 (8.0) | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| <25 | 2449 (33.2) | 223 (38.4) | 613 (34.6) | 853 (33.0) | 383 (30.7) | 377 (31.4) | 1392 (31.5) | 407 (36.0) | 403 (34.0) | 247 (37.9) |
| 25–29.9 | 3759 (51.0) | 272 (46.9) | 888 (50.2) | 1317 (51.0) | 671 (53.8) | 611 (51.0) | 2286 (51.8) | 575 (50.8) | 597 (50.4) | 301 (46.2) |
| 30–34.9 | 939 (12.7) | 61 (10.5) | 210 (11.9) | 333 (12.9) | 163 (13.1) | 172 (14.3) | 597 (13.5) | 113 (10.0) | 146 (12.3) | 83 (12.7) |
| ≥35 | 234 (3.2) | 24 (4.1) | 59 (3.3) | 81 (3.1) | 31 (2.5) | 39 (3.3) | 138 (3.1) | 37 (3.3) | 38 (3.2) | 21 (3.2) |
| Alcohol (units/week) | 1.71 ± 2.22 | 1.27 ± 2.13 | 1.61 ± 2.19 | 1.68 ± 2.13 | 1.78 ± 2.07 | 2.06 ± 2.58 | 1.78 ± 2.36 | 1.68 ± 2.02 | 1.50 ± 1.94 | 1.65 ± 2.12 |
| PA (MET-h/week) | ||||||||||
| ≤8.3 | 3930 (53.2) | 303 (52.2) | 908 (51.3) | 1363 (52.7) | 672 (53.8) | 684 (57.0) | 2439 (55.3) | 558 (49.3) | 618 (52.2) | 315 (48.3) |
| 8.3–16.6 | 2273 (30.8) | 168 (29.0) | 575 (32.5) | 812 (31.4) | 393 (31.5) | 325 (27.1) | 1302 (29.5) | 383 (33.8) | 369 (31.2) | 219 (33.6) |
| >16.6 | 1178 (16.0) | 109 (18.8) | 287 (16.2) | 409 (15.8) | 183 (14.7) | 190 (15.8) | 672 (15.2) | 191 (16.9) | 197 (16.6) | 118 (18.1) |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Never | 3305 (44.8) | 402 (69.3) | 1028 (58.1) | 1186 (45.9) | 441 (35.3) | 248 (20.7) | 1682 (38.1) | 636 (56.2) | 638 (53.9) | 349 (53.5) |
| Previous | 2579 (34.9) | 133 (22.9) | 571 (32.3) | 943 (36.5) | 481 (38.5) | 451 (37.6) | 1608 (36.4) | 351 (31.0) | 395 (33.4) | 225 (34.5) |
| Current | 1497 (20.3) | 45 (7.8) | 171 (9.7) | 455 (17.6) | 326 (26.1) | 500 (41.7) | 1123 (25.4) | 145 (12.8) | 151 (12.8) | 78 (12.0) |
| DM, yes | 141 (1.9) | 14 (2.4) | 32 (1.8) | 49 (1.9) | 29 (2.3) | 17 (1.4) | 69 (1.6) | 25 (2.2) | 31 (2.6) | 16 (2.5) |
| CVD, at least one | 179 (2.4) | 11 (1.9) | 43 (2.4) | 59 (2.3) | 26 (2.1) | 40 (3.3) | 120 (2.7) | 25 (2.2) | 20 (1.7) | 14 (2.1) |
| ApoE4 carrier status, positive | 2101 (30.0) | 182 (33.1) | 480 (28.7) | 721 (29.4) | 368 (31.1) | 350 (30.3) | 1255 (29.8) | 315 (29.1) | 348 (31.2) | 183 (30.0) |
| Cognitive status | ||||||||||
| No CI | 3840 (55.1) | 331 (61.1) | 927 (55.8) | 1344 (55.1) | 636 (53.6) | 602 (53.0) | 2230 (53.7) | 636 (59.0) | 617 (55.2) | 357 (58.1) |
| MCI | 2552 (36.7) | 177 (32.7) | 584 (35.2) | 896 (36.7) | 448 (37.8) | 447 (39.4) | 1571 (37.8) | 358 (33.2) | 412 (36.9) | 211 (34.4) |
| Dementia, all causes | 985 (13.4) | 71 (12.2) | 259 (14.6) | 343 (13.3) | 163 (13.1) | 149 (12.4) | 610 (13.8) | 136 (12.0) | 155 (13.1) | 84 (12.9) |
| AD | 572 (8.2) | 34 (6.3) | 150 (9.0) | 200 (8.2) | 102 (8.6) | 86 (7.6) | 354 (8.5) | 84 (7.8) | 88 (7.9) | 46 (7.5) |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). Abbreviations: AD = Alzheimer’s disease; BMI = body mass index; CI = cognitive impairment; CVD = cardiovascular diseases; DM = diabetes mellitus; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; PA = physical activity.