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. 2023 May 30;15(11):2561. doi: 10.3390/nu15112561

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A sugar absorption test (SAT) evaluated the small intestinal permeability (s-IP) before (pre) and after (post) eight weeks of a very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD). Lac% = percentage of ingested lactulose excreted in the urine, (A). Man% = percentage of ingested mannitol excreted in the urine, (B). Lac to Man ratio = lactulose to mannitol ratio, (C). Suc% = percentage of ingested sucrose excreted in the urine, (D). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis: Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test with a significant difference set at p < 0.05. The dotted red line indicates the cut-off value for altered small intestinal permeability (Lac to Man ratio ≥ 0.03).