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. 2023 Jun 5;15(11):2639. doi: 10.3390/nu15112639

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of action of vitamin D and resveratrol. Vitamin D, by inhibiting the binding of ACE2 to the spike protein and by decreasing TMPRSS2 and Ctsl gene expression, prevents the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. As well as vitamin D, resveratrol affects the expression of ACE-2, suppresses the effects AT1R axis, improves AT2R axis and prevents SARS-CoV-2 entry, inhibiting Ctsl and TMPRSS2. Both vitamin D/VDR complex and resveratrol inhibit NF-κB activation and cytokine storm. Resveratrol, activating SIRT1 and SOD, decreases inflammation. Abbreviations: ACE2—angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; AT1R—angiotensin II type 1 receptor; AT2R—angiotensin II type 2 receptor; Ctsl—Cathepsin L; NF-κB—nuclear factor kappa B; ROS—reactive oxygen species; SARS-CoV-2—severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SIRT1—sirtuin 1; SOD—superoxide dismutase; TMPRSS2—transmembrane serine protease 2; VDR: vitamin D receptor.