Table 2.

Comparison of different parking approaches.

Authors	Sensing Technologies	Methodology	Computation Device	Advantages	Remarks
Bing Li et al. [30]	LIDAR-based odometer and camera	Parking in garage using multi-story approach	CPU	Local SLAM has been executed in a shopping mall.	Limited to individual parking
Jiren Zhang et al. [31]	Integrated ultrasonic and LIDAR technologies	S-shape-based parallel parking executed	CPU	Real-time implementation in indoor environment.	Limited to individual parking
Jungwook Han et al. [32]	LIDAR	Perpendicular parking	NI Compact RIO (FPGA)	Indoor map building for parking.	Limited to individual parking
Deniz Ozsoyeller et al. [17]	Not available	Online-based mobile robot rendezvous	CPU	Multi-robot rendezvous with simulation results.	Limited to simulation
Bai Li et al. [33]	Not available	Optimal control-based parking approach	CPU	Framework and map developed based on lightweight methods.	Limited to individual parking
B. Naji et al. [22]	IR sensors	Both angular and parallel parking methods mentioned	FPGA	Versatile parking using an FPGA-based robot.	Limited to individual parking with simulation results
Proposed truck–trailer robot parking	Ultrasonic sensor and IR sensor	Mimic-based trailer robot parking in lines with perpendicular approach using rendezvous	FPGA	Hardware-efficient schemes for truck–trailer robot parking with rendezvous.	In future, partial reconfiguration approach integration will decrease device utilization