Table 5.
Assessment of dietary intake of B vitamins and prevalence of depressive symptoms.
| Authors | Year of Publication | Type of Study | The Group | Assessment of Depression and Dietary Intake | Results and Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin B1 | |||||
| Duc et al. [97] | 2021 | National cross-sectional survey | n = 34,700 adults | Depression was defined as physician diagnosis, the current presence or treatment for depression and 24 h dietary recall interview and a Semi-quantitative Questionnaire on Food Frequency | Serum vitamin B1 concentrations were assessed and related to dietary intake. Low serum thiamine concentrations were associated with a high incidence of depressive symptoms. Increased daily vitamin B1 intake was negatively associated with the appearance of depression. |
| Nguyen et al. [98] | 2022 | National cross-sectional survey | n = 16,371 adults | Depression was defined based on the diagnosis of the physician or the current presence or treatment of depression, and daily food intake was calculated using the 24 h recall method and a Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) | A higher dietary intake of vitamin B1, B3, or A reduces the risk of depression in a nationally representative Korean cohort. |
| Vitamin B6 | |||||
| Kafeshani et al. [99] | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | n = 3362 adults | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and a validated, 106-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) |
The average intake of vitamin B6 (mg/day) was lower in people with depression. A lower intake of vitamin B6 in the general population and among women was associated with a higher likelihood of depression. |
| Odai et al. [100] | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | n = 289 adult women | Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ) |
Symptoms of moderate-to-severe depression were associated with a lower dietary intake of vitamin B6. Symptoms of depression may be reduced by increasing your intake of vitamin B6. |
| Vitamins B9 and B12 | |||||
| Khosravi et al. [101] | 2020 | Clinical-control study | n = 260 women (87 depressed and 173 healthy) and 70 men (22 depressed and 48 healthy) | The major depressive disorder(s) of the participants was diagnosed by psychiatrists using the criteria of DSM-IV and for the control group Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire (BDI-II), and the dietary intake in the last 12 months was evaluated using a Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). | In addition to dietary nutrient intake, their serum concentrations were evaluated and related to each other. An unhealthy diet was associated with a higher risk of depression through a reduction in the serum levels of vitamins B9 and B12. |
| Zheng et al. [102] | 2020 | Cross-sectional study | n = 19,244 adults | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and 24 h dietary recall interview | Synthetic folic acid was not associated with depressive symptoms, but total and natural folate intakes were inversely associated with depressive symptoms. |
| Mahdavifar et al. [103] | 2021 | A population-based prospective cohort study | n = 7387 Iranian adults | Iranian validated version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale questionnaire 21 (DASS 21) and Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (DS-FFQ) |
Low intakes of B vitamins, including folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, were associated with higher depressive symptoms. Higher biotin intake was significantly associated with lower incidence of depressive symptoms. |