Table 3.

Summary of studies reporting the role of natural dietary ingredients involved in mitochondria function enhancement in sarcopenia prevention.

Natural Dietary Ingredients	Experimental Model	Experimental Designs	Results 1 (by Natural Dietary Ingredient Treatment)	Related Mechanism (Potential Pathway)	Ref.
Botanical and marine extracts (bioactive compound)
BST204	C2C12 myotube	- Non-treatment - TNF-α (or Dex) - TNF-α (or Dex) and BST204	↑ Nrf1, Pgc-1α, Tfam ↑ Pgc-1α activity ↑ mitochondrial ATP content, MMP	↑ mitochondrial biogenesis	[111,112]
Catechin-enriched green tea extract	C57BL/6JRj mice	- young mice (4-month-old) - aged mice (22-month-old) - aged mice with GTE (for 6 month)	↑ Pgc-1α ↑ ATP5A	↑ mitochondrial content	[114]
Oligonol	SAMP8 mice	- young mice (SAMR1) - aged mice (32-week-old) - aged mice with oligonol (for 8 weeks)	↑ Ndufs8, Pgc-1α, Tfam ↑ mtDNA/nuclear DNA ratio ↑ Fis1, Mff, Mfn2, Opa1, PINK1 ↓ mitochondrial morphological changes (aberrance, swelling)	↑ mitochondrial biogenesis ↑ mitochondrial dynamics	[95]
Ricinus communis L. leaves extract (rutin)	C2C12 myotube	- Non-treatment - Dex - Dex and R. communis L. leaves extract or rutin	↑ mitochondrial OCR	↑ mitochondrial respiratory capacity	[116]
Chrysanthemum zawadskii Herbich extract (Acacetin-7-O-β-D-rutinoside)	C2C12 myotube	- Non-treatment - Dex - Dex and C. zawadskii Herbich extract or Aca-ce-tin-7-O-β-D-rutinoside	↑ mitochondrial OCR	↑ mitochondrial respiratory capacity	[117]
Phytochemicals
Rg3	C2C12 myotube	- Non-treatment - TNF-α - TNF-α and Rg3	↑ Nrf1, Pgc-1α, Tfam ↑ mitochondrial ATP content, MMP	↑ mitochondrial biogenesis	[113]
5,7-Dimethoxyflavone (DMF)	C57BL/6J mice	- young mice (11-week-old) - aged mice (19-month-old) - aged mice with DMF (for 8 weeks)	↑ Nrf1, Pgc-1α, Tfam ↑ mtDNA content	↑ mitochondrial biogenesis	[101]
Fucoxanthin	C2C12 myotube	- Non-treatment - Dex - Dex and fucoxanthin	↑ Nrf1, Pgc-1α, Tfam ↓ acetylated Pgc-1α ↑ mitochondrial contents ↑ mitochondrial ATP content	↑ mitochondrial biogenesis (Sirt1/Pgc-1α pathway)	[115]
Dihydromyricetin	L6 myotube	- Non-treatment - Dex - Dex and dihydromyricetin	↑ mtDNA, Pgc-1α, Tfam ↓ mitochondrial morphological abnormality ↑ Mfn2, Tom20 ↓ change of MMP ↑ complex I and IV activity	↑ mitochondrial biogenesis ↑ mitochondrial dynamics ↑ mitochondrial respiratory capacity	[118]
Rg3	C2C12 myotube	- Non-treatment - Dex - Dex and Rg3	↑ mitochondrial OCR, ATP content, MMP ↓ mitochondrial morphological changes (swelling, increased volume) ↓ nuclear FoxO3, p-AMPK ↑ cytosolic FoxO3	↑ mitochondrial respiratory capacity (↓ AMPK/FoxO3 signaling pathway)	[119]
Probiotics
Lactobacillus paracasei PS23	SAMP8 mice	- non-aged mice (16-week-old) - aged mice (28-week-old) - aged mice with L. paracasei PS23 (for 12 weeks)	↑ Nrf1, Pgc-1a, Tfam ↑ mtDNA copy number	↑ mitochondrial biogenesis	[110]
Lactobacillus casei Shirota	SAMP8 mice	- non-aged mice (16-week-old) - aged mice (28-week-old) - aged mice with L. casei Shirota (for 12 weeks)	↑ Sirt1, Tfam ↑ mtDNA copy number ↑ OCR	↑ mitochondrial biogenesis ↑ mitochondrial respiratory capacity	[109]

¹ ↑, increase; ↓, decrease. Name of target which expression was determined in gene level was italicized. Abbreviations: AMPK, phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ATP5A, ATP synthase subunit alpha; BST204, a Rg3 and Rh2 enriched ginseng extract; Dex, dexamethasone; Fis1, mitochondrial fission protein 1; FoxO3, forkhead box O3; GTE, green tea extract; Mff, mitochondrial fission factor; Mfn2, miofusin 2; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; Ndufs8, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S8; OCR, oxygen consumption rate; Opa1, optic atrophy-1; Pgc-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1; SAMP, senescence-accelerated mouse prone; Sirt1, Sirtuin 1; Tfam, mitochondrial transcription factor A; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Tom20, translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria 20.