Table 3.

Gut microbiota alterations in CD patients under a GFD.

Study	Subjects	Sample and Techniques	Microbiota Alterations	Other Findings
Di Cagno [45]	19 CD children under GFD (T-CD) 15 non-celiac controls	Fecal samples Duodenal samples,-both on PCR and DGGE analysis	Duodenal biopsy ↑Eubacteria in T-CD Fecal samples of T-CD ↑Bacteroides spp. ↑Staphylococcus spp. ↑Salmonella spp. ↑Shigella spp. ↑Klebsiella spp.
Sample et al. [63]	22 CD children before and after GFD 17 healthy controls	Fecal sample 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing	CD after GFD vs. controls ↑Haemophilus genera ↑Alistipes genera ↑Bacteroides genera ↑Holdemania genera ↑Blautia genera	Faecalibacterium and Roseburia were enriched in patients whose aTTG levels did not normalize after GFD

DGGE—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; ↑ increased levels; ↓decreased levels.